220 Modern Riding and Horse Education 



as to appliances for aiding the horse-trainer in his 

 work, several of which were well known in past 

 times, and after falling into disuse were reintro- 

 duced several times over as being quite new, and 

 often of the author's own invention. 



To simplify description I will classify them under 

 two heads, namely, appliances used on foot, and 

 those used mounted and dismounted. The former 

 include long reins, the cavesson and leading-rein, 

 crosstrees, the crupper leading-rein, the Commanche 

 bridle, side reins, the strait-jacket, the Galvayne 

 strap, pillars single and double, the Rarey strap, 

 throwing gear, the crush, the cage, the iron-pointed 

 pole, the plain pole and the longeing whip. After 

 reading some of the above names it will hardly sur- 

 prise the reader to be told that early writers not in- 

 frequently alluded to appliances as " engines," or 

 " utensils ! " 



In the second category are the rope gag, the Aus- 

 trian nose-band, the bearing-rein, the running rein, 

 the martingale standing and running, the cane, two 

 hand-whips (to be used simultaneously), the hand- 

 spur, the mouthing, and various other bits forming 

 part of the bridle, and the saddle. 



