238 Modern Riding and Horse Education 



that in spite of any amount of training, absolute 

 control and perfect guidance can only be assured 

 by the use of the martingale, and that the running 

 one, when properly fitted, interferes in no way with 

 the horse's ordinary movements and is therefore 

 harmless. When, however, it comes to tying the 

 animal's head down so that he cannot freely use it 

 for balance, and then asking him to move on any- 

 thing but level ground, we are, theoretically at any 

 rate, working him under disadvantageous con- 

 ditions. 



The advantages of the Cane over the whip have 

 been dealt with in the section on the whip ; and the 

 Hand-spur has been mentioned earlier in this one. 



Two Hand-whips have been used by one man in 

 working horses on foot and mounted, and the idea 

 has been reintroduced by several authors. The first 

 Duke of Newcastle used them in conjunction with 

 the single pillar for teaching Haute Ecole riding, 

 and in the sixteenth century they were held one in 

 each hand for mounted training work. Hayes re- 

 introduced them for this purpose. I can see no ob- 

 ject in using them for either purpose. 



I wish as much as possible to avoid going over 



