BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE IN UNITED STATES 225 



"The Shorthorn has sometimes been criticised because of poor 

 development or lack of fulness in the crops, a high fore flank, 

 and a poorly developed heart girth. They are sometimes rather 

 leggy, although animals of Scotch breeding are usually thick 

 fleshed and low set. There has been a tendency to patchiness 

 near the root of the tail and to rolls on the sides, but the breed 

 is improving in this respect in that the animals are becoming 

 more smooth." 



The American Shorthorn Breeders' Association considers that 

 the ten bulls which have probably done most for the improve- 

 ment of Shorthorn cattle as a breed in the last fifteen years are 

 as follows :— Whitehall Sultan 163573, Choice Goods 186802, 

 Cumberland's Last 229822, Avondale 245144, March Knight 

 188105, Villager 295884, Cumberland 118578, Merrv Hampton 

 132572, Lord Banff 150718, and Whitehall Marshall 209776. The 

 most popular families of Shorthorns in the LTnited States at the 

 present time are Augustas, Missies, Victorias, Duchess of Glosters, 

 and Orange Blossoms. 



The Polled Durham is a Polled Shorthorn. There are two 

 general divisions of this breed, the "single standard" and the 

 "double standard." The single-standard Polled Durhams were 

 produced bv breeding "muley" cows to Shorthorn bulls, select- 

 ing the Dolled ot¥spring and breeding these to other Shorthorn 

 bulls. This grading up was continued until the polled offspring 

 was brought to the fifth cross which contained 96^ per cent, 

 or more of Shorthorn blood, and ¥/hich qualified for entry in the 

 Polled Durham herd book. The resulting progeny resembled the 

 Shorthorns, but were rather leggy, lacked a thick smooth cover- 

 ing of flesh, and inclined more to the dual-purpose type of animals. 

 These cattle could be registered in the Polled Durham herd book, 

 but were not eligible for registration in the American Shorthorn 

 herd book. 



The double-standard Polled Durhams were secured by using 

 purebred Shorthorn cows that were either natural muley or had 

 undeveloped horns, for breeding to Shorthorn bulls. The double- 

 standard Polled Durhams are purebred Shorthorns, and can be 

 registered in either the Shorthorn or the Polled Durham herd 

 books. The double-standard Polled Durhams were bred chiefly 

 from the Gwynne, White Rose, and Young Phyllis families of 

 Shorthorns. 



