Xll INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



have, somewhat less distinctly, the Raptores, Inses- 

 sores, Natatores, and Grallatores, associated, however, 

 with the Bat ; all of which, being prohibited, leave 

 the Gallinaceous Order separated as clean (ver. 13 

 19). The "fowls that creep, going upon all four," 

 (ver. 20,) and the " flying creeping things," (ver. 23,) 

 are not unaptly descriptive of winged Insects, among 

 which the Saltatory Orthoptera are graphically noted 

 as those creeping things "which have legs above their 

 feet, to leap withal upon the earth" (ver. 21). The 

 Aquatic tribes are distinguished into " such as have 

 fins and scales in the waters," (ver. 9,) the true 

 Fishes, and " all that have not fins and scales," (ver. 

 10,) perhaps meaning the Amphibia. Besides these, 

 there is a heterogeneous assemblage of creatures, 

 denominated " creeping things," (ver 29,) of which 

 small size seems to be the only common character, in- 

 cluding (at least, in our translation^} " the weasel, 

 the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind, and the 

 ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the 

 snail, and the mole." In order to estimate the value 

 of this arrangement, we must bear in mind that the 

 object of the sacred writer was not at all a system- 

 atic distribution of the animal kingdom, which is 

 only casually introduced for the purpose of insti- 

 tuting a ceremonial permission or prohibition of 

 certain sorts of animal food; that the animals no- 

 ticed are only those of a very limited district, and, 

 out of these, none but such as might offer any temp- 

 tation to be used as food ; and that the incongru- 

 ities and anomalies would probably be much di- 



