A D V ; 



AD'VERB, Lat. adrerbium, from ad and 

 verbnm. In grammar, a word used to 

 modify the sense of a verb, participle, 

 adjective, or attribute, and usually placed 

 near it ; e. g. he spoke fluently ; the day is 

 extremely cold, where the words fluently 

 and extremely are adverbs. This part of 

 speech may be called a modifier, as its use 

 is always to qualify the sense of another 

 word. 



AD VERSA'RIA, Lat. from adversus. Among 

 the ancients, a. book of accounts, not unlike 

 our journals and day-books, and so named 

 from the debt and credit being placed in 

 opposition to each other. The word also 

 imports, among literary persons, a species 

 of commonplace-book, in which the notes 

 are not digested under regular heads. 



ADVER-'ATIVE, Lat. adversatims. In 

 grammar, a. word denoting some difference 

 or opposition between what goes before 

 and what follows it; e.g. he has genius, 

 but wants application. The word but is 

 an adversative conjunction. 



Sut is not, however, always an adver- 

 sative conjunction ; it often implies 

 something superadded. It has therefore 

 two senses : in the first it is a corruption 

 of bot, the participle of the Saxon verb 

 butan, to be out, and in the second it is 

 the imperative of botan, or bcetan, to 

 make better, and is radically the same 

 as bet, in the word better. "Bcetan" is 

 the verb to boot. 



ADVERSIFO'LIATE, ) Lat. adrersifolhim, 



ADVERSIFO'LIOUS, ] from adcersus and 



folium, a leaf. Having opposite leaves: 



applied to plants where the leaves are so 



arranged on the stem. 



ADVICE, from Fr. avis, opinion, whence 

 the verb aviser, to advise. Advice is usually 

 given by one merchant or banker to an- 

 other, by letter, informing him of the bills 

 or drafts drawn on him, with all particu- 

 lars of date, &c., &c. For wa*it of such 

 letter of advice, it is allowable to refuse 

 accepting a bill of exchange. 



ADVICE-BOAT, a small vessel employed 

 to carry despatches, &c. 



AD VITAM ACT CULPAM, an office to be 

 held quamdiu se bene gesserit, that is, till 

 the death or some delinquency of the 

 holder. 



AD'VOCATE, Lat. advocatus, from ad and 

 coco, to call. Advocate, in its primary 

 sense, signifies one who pleads the cause 

 of another in a court of civil law : hence 

 it came to signify one who pleads the 

 cause of another before any tribunal or 

 judicial court. The fees are of agratuitous 

 character, and cannot be recovered at law. 

 In England and America, advocates are 

 the same as counsel or counsellors. In 

 F.ngland they are of two degrees, barris- 

 ters and Serjeants: the former being ap- 

 prentices or learners, cannot, by ancient 

 euitom, be admitted Serjeants till of 16 



2 AD V 



years standing. In Scotland, the faculty 

 of advocates is a society of eminen t lawyers 

 who practise in the highest courts, and 

 who are admitted members only on the 

 severest examination at three different 

 times. It consists of about 200 members, 

 from whom vacancies on the bench are 

 usually supplied. The lord-advocate is the 

 principal crown-lawyer. He pleads all 

 the causes of the crown, and is the public 

 prosecutor in criminal cases, fn France, 

 the acocats form a separate order, of 

 which each member is attached to a par- 

 ticular local court. Advocates have dif- 

 ferent titles, according to their particular 

 duties. At Rome, consistorial advocates 

 appear before the consistory, in opposition 

 to the disposal of benefices. Among the 

 ancient Romans, the fiscal advocate de- 

 fended causes in which the public revenue 

 was concerned. Feudal advocates were of 

 a military kind: to attach them to the 

 church, they had grants of land, with 

 power to lead the vassals of the church to 

 war. Juridical advocates became judges, 

 in consequence of their attending causes 

 in the earl's court. Matricular advocate! 

 defended the matricular or cathedral 

 churches. Military advocates were em- 

 ployed by the church, to defend it by 

 arms, when force was the eloquence of 

 Europe. There were besides, elective ad- 

 vocates, chosen by the chapter, bishop, 

 abbot, &c. ; nominative advocates, appointed 

 by the emperor, pope, &c. In France. 

 there are two kinds of advocates : those 

 who plead, and those who only practise, 

 like our chamber-counsellors. In Germany. 

 an advocate is a magistrate appointed, in 

 the emperor's name, to administer justice. 

 ADVoCA'TloN,Lat. adandrocatio. Among 

 civilians, the act of calling another to as- 

 sist in pleading some cause. A bill of ad- 

 vocation, in Scotland, is a written applica- 

 tion to a superior court, to call an action 

 before them from an inferior court: the 

 order granted, is called a letter ofadvocation. 

 ADVOCATIONE DECORUM, is a writ for 

 claiming a fourth part or upwards of 

 tithes belonging to any church. 



ADVOWEE', he who has the right of ad- 

 cotcson. 2. The advocate of a church, &c. 

 ADVOW'SON, in English law, a right of 

 presentation to a vacant benefice: the 

 right of patronage. The word is derived 

 from advocatio, because the right was first 

 obtained by such as were founders, bene- 

 factors, or defenders, that is. advocates of 

 the church; hence those who have this 

 right are styled patrons. 



Advoicsons are either appendint or in 

 gross : the first are such as are annexed 

 to a manor or lands, and pass as ap- 

 purtenances of the same; whereas 

 advowson in gross, is a right of presen- 

 tation subsisting by itself, and belonging 

 to the patron, independent ol land*. IB 



