BON 



151 



BOO 



animal charcoal, and is used as a black 

 pigment, and to deprive various solu- 

 tions, particularly syrups, of their colour- 

 ing matters. 



BONE-LACE, alace made of linen thread, 

 so named from its being made with bob- 

 bins of bone, or more probably in allu- 

 sion to its stiffness. 



BONE'SPAVIJJ, a bony excrescence or 

 hard swelling on the inside of the hock 

 of a horse's leg, usually cured by caustic 

 blisters. See SPAVIN. 



BOX'ORACE. 1. A large bonnet formerly 

 worn by females to protect them from 

 the sun. 2. A fence of old ropes, can- 

 vas, <&c., laid at the bows, stern, and 

 sides of a vessel sailing in high lati- 

 tudes, to protect the mariners against 

 flakes of ice, winds, &c. 



BON'INO, the act of judging of or 

 making a plane surface by the direc- 

 tion of the eye. This term is of fre- 

 quent use among surveyors and archi- 

 tects, who perform the operation of bon- 

 ing by means of poles set up at certain 

 distances ; these are adjusted to the re- 

 quired line by looking along their verti- 

 cal surfaces. Joiners, &c., bone their 

 work with two straight edges. 



BONI'TO, a fish of the tunny tribe found 

 on the American coast, and in tropical 

 climates. It grows to three feet, has a 

 greenish back and a silvery white belly. 



BON'NET.FT. bonnette, Sp. bonete. 1. In 

 fortification, an elevation of the parapet 

 in the salient angles of a field retrench- 

 ment, or of a fortification designed to 

 prevent the enfilading of the front of the 

 work, at the end of which it is situated. 

 The bonnet d prftre, or priest's bonnet, is 

 an outwork having at the head three sa- 

 lient angles, and two inwards. 2. In 



nautical language, an addition to a sail, 

 or an additional part laced to the foot of 

 a sail, in small vessels and in moderate 

 winds. 



BONO'NIAN-STONE. See BOLOGNIAN- 

 STONE. 



BONO'NIAN-JARS, \ small thick jars of 



BONO'NIAN-BOTTLES, } unanncaled glass, 

 which break into a thousand pieces by 

 the impulse of a single grain of sand. 



BON'TIA, the generic name of the wild 

 olive of Barbadoes. DidynamiaAngio- 

 spermia. The tree is named in honour of 

 James Bontiusof Leyden,a distinguished 

 physician and naturalist. 



BO'NUS, a Latin word meaning good, 

 used to denote a premium given for a 

 loan, right, or privilege, above its prime 

 or original cost. 



BON'ZES, a name given in oriental 

 countries to the priests and devotees of 

 the god Fo. They are distinguished by 

 different names in the different countries 

 where their superstition prevails. In 

 Siam they are called Talapoins : in Tar- 



tary, Lamas j in China, Ho-chany ; in Ja- 

 pan, Somes, in which name all the others 

 are comprehended among Europeans. 



BOO'BY, a bird of the Pelican tribe. The 

 boobies constitute the sub-genus Stila of 

 Brisson, and take their name from the 

 excessive stupidity with which they allow 

 themselves to be attacked by other birds, 

 particularly the frigate birds, which force 

 them to yield up the fish they have cap- 

 tured. The common booby (Pclecanus bas- 

 sanus, Linn.), is found from the Tagus to 

 the Gulf of Bothnia, and in great num- 

 bers on the Bass Rock in the Frith of 

 Forth. It is white, but the primary fea- 

 thers of the wings and the feet are black ; 

 the bill is six inches long, and of a beau- 

 tiful bluish grey. 



BOOK, the general name given to a 

 printed volume in contradistinction to 

 pamphlet. Among printers five sheets 

 and upwards make a book ; less than five 

 sheets is a pamphlet. A quantity of un- 

 printed paper, bound up or sewed in the 

 manner of a printed volume, is oddly 

 enough called a paper-book, sometimes 

 more correctly a blank book. 



Books are divided into the following 

 classes according to the mode in which 

 the sheets of the paper on which they 

 are printed or written are folded; vix., 

 folio, when the sheet is folded into two 

 leaves ; quarto, when folded into four; 

 octavo, when folded into eight ; duode- 

 cimo, when folded into twelve ; I8mo, 

 when folded into eighteen ; and 24mo, 

 when folded into twenty-four. These 

 classifications have no reference to the 

 size of the sheet. The word book is 

 derived from the Saxon boc. the root 

 of which is the Gothic boka, a beech or 

 service-tree, or more strictly the bark 

 of such tree. This was the first mate- 

 rial of which books were made. 

 BOOK-KEEPING, a mercantile term used 

 to denote the method of keeping commer- 

 cial accounts of all kinds, in such a sys- 

 tematic manner, that the true state of any 

 individual account, or of the whole af- 

 fairs of the concern, may be ascertained 

 with clearness and expedition. Book- 

 keeping is practised by single and double 

 entry. In the first the posts of debtor 

 and creditor are separate, and entered in 

 such a way that each one appears singly ; 

 while in the latter, creditor and debtor 

 are in continual mutual connexion, to 

 which end all the posts are entered 

 doubly, once on the debtor and once on 

 the creditor side. This mode was first 



Eractised in Spain, but was introduced 

 ito this country from Italy ; hence it is 

 with us called the Italian method. 



The books principally wanted are a 

 waste-book or blotter, in which all deal- 

 ings are recorded without particular 



