C AL 



182 



C AL 



CALC SP\R, calcareous spar, which see. 



CALC TUFF, a deposit of carbonate of 

 lime from calcareous springs. See CAL- 

 CAREOUS TUFA and TCFA. 



CAL'CULUS (Latin), a stone; dim. of 

 culx. 1 . In medicine, a general name for 

 all hard concretions (not bony) formed in 

 the bodies of animals. Those concretions 

 formed in the gall-bladder are called 

 biliary calculi, or gall-stones: these 

 usually consist of cholesterine blended 

 with various proportions of colouring 

 matter, inspissated bile, albumen, &c. 

 Urinary calculi are formed by a morbid 

 deposition from the urine in the kidney 

 or bladder, and are therefore renal or ve- 

 sical. Their usual constituents are lithate 

 of ammonia, oxalate of lime, and mixed 

 phosphates. There are also gouty con- 

 cretions, called arthritic calculi, and la- 

 chrymal and pancreatic calculi, the first 

 formed in the lachrymal passages, and 

 the latter in the pancreas. Pulmonary 

 calculi are found in the substance of the 

 lungs, or in the ramifications of the 

 bronchi ; and salivary calculi, in the sali- 

 vary glands or their ducts. There are 

 likewise calculi of the ears (indurate wax), 

 of the pineal and prostate glands, and 



spermatic calculi. 2. In mathematics, 



the higher analysis applicable to variable 

 magnitudes, or to quantities which may 

 be considered as having arrived at a given 

 state of magnitude by successive varia- 

 tions. This gives rise to two depart- 

 ments of analysis ; first, the method of 

 descending from quantities to their ele- 

 ments, called the differential calculus; 

 second, the method of ascending from the 

 elements of the quantities to the quanti- 

 ties themselves, constituting the integral 

 calculus. Both of these methods are in- 

 cluded in the general name, infinitesimal 

 analysis. Every variable quantity ex- 

 pressed algebraically may be differen- 

 tiated, but there are differential quantities 

 which we cannot integrate; some be- 

 cause they could not have resulted from 

 differentiation, and others because means 

 have not yet been discovered of integrat- 

 ing them. 



CALDA'RIUM. In ancient architecture, 

 an apartment in the baths, heated for 

 causing perspiration. 



CAL'EBASH, the Cucurbita lagenaria,an 

 annual plant of both Indies. 



CALEFA'CIENT, Lat. calefaciens, making 

 warm ; applied in medicine to substances 

 which cause warmth in the parts to which 

 they are applied. 



CAL'EMBOURO, a sort of pun in which a 

 word is employed in an unusual sense ; it 

 takes its name' from a Westphalian Count 

 Calemberg, who, in the reign of Louii 

 XV., amused the Parisians by his blun 

 ders in speaking. 



CI.I/ISDAR, the division of Urne ir.tc 



years, months, weeks, and days ; also a 

 register of these divisions. Among the 

 old Komans, for want of such a register, 

 t was the custom for the pontifex maxi- 

 mum, on the first day of the month, to 

 proclaim (calare) the month with the fes- 

 tivals occurring in it, and the time of 

 new moon, hence calendar and calendar. 



CAL'ESDAR MONTH, a solar month as it 

 stands in almanacs. 



CAL'ESDER, from xac^t^^a;, a cylinder. 

 A machine consisting essentially of two 

 cylinders, revolving so nearly in contact 

 ith each other, that cloth passed through 

 betwixt them is smoothed, and even 

 glazed, by their powerful pressure. The 

 machine is employed either to finish goods 

 for the market, or to prepare cotton and 

 linen webs for the calico-printer, by ren- 

 dering their surfaces level and compact. 



CAL'ENDERS, a sect of dervises in Turkey 

 and Persia : named from their founder. 



CAL'ESDS, with the Romans, the first 

 days of the month, so called because the 

 pontifex majcimus then proclaimed (calarit) 

 ether the nones would be on the 5th or 

 on the 7th. This was the custom till 450 

 L". C., when the fasti calendares were af- 

 fixed to the wall in public places. In 

 ecclesiastical history, the conferences re- 

 garding their duty and conduct, anciently 

 held by the clergy of each deanery, are 

 called calends. 



CALZN'DUi.A,the3/nri/(7oZff : an extensive 

 genus of plants. Syngenesia Polya. neces- 

 saria. Named quod singuli* calendis, i. e. 

 mensibus.florescat, because it flowers every 

 month. The annual species are all hardy ; 

 the permanent ones are cultivated in this 

 country as green-house plants. A muci- 

 laginous substance obtained from the 

 plant is called calendulin. 



CAL'ENTURE, Lat. calentura, a form of 

 phrenitis, alleged formerly to have been 

 common among seamen in tropical lati- 

 tudes. It was attended with delirium, in 

 which the patient fancied the sea to be 

 green fields, and would leap into it if not 

 restrained. There appears to be no such 

 disease known at present. 

 CAL'IBER, Fr. ctHibre. 1. The diameter 



of the bore of any piece of ordnance. 



2. The diameter of any body, as a column, 

 a shot, a shell. 



CAL'IBER COMPASSES, \ a sort of com- 

 CAL'LIPER COMPASSES, j passes, with 

 arched legs, used by gunners to take the 

 diameter of shots, shells, &c., and by 

 turners to find the diameter of the object 

 in the laihe: called often for shortness- 

 caliber SOT callipers. Thegunncr's calibers, 

 called also caliber rule, consist of two 

 thin pieces of brass jointed by a rivet, so 

 as to move quite round each other. The 

 instrument contains a number of rules,, 

 tables. &c., connected with Hit* artillery 

 practice. 



