CAM 1 



of the word soems to be Spanish cumer- 

 iila, a cha;ii'.n-r. 



CAMERA'RIA, the bastard manchineel ; a 

 genus of plants, natives of warm climates. 

 Pentandria Monogynia. Name camararia, 

 a waiting-maid, in allusion to the light 

 and gaudy appearance of the plants when 

 in bloom. 



CAM'ER ATED , vaulted or arched. Camera, 

 an arch or vault. 



CAM'ERLINGO, in Italy ; originally the 

 pope's treasurer, at present the highest 

 officer in the ecclesiastical states, under 

 the pope. 



CAMEK'ONIAXS, a sect of Christians who 

 trace their descent from the martyrs of 

 the Scottish church, and hold by the prin- 

 ciples of that church as settled at what is 

 called the second Reformation (1649). 

 They take this designation from Richard 

 Cameron, who was killed in a skirmish 

 at Ainnoss, Ayrshire, where he and his 

 followers were attacked by Bruce of 

 Earlshall, on the 20th July, 1680. 



CAM'ERY, that disease of horses called 

 fow.ce (q. v.). 



CAM'ISADE, in military affairs, an attack 

 by surprise at a time when the enemy is 

 supposed to be in bed ; hence the deriva- 

 tion, Ital. camicia, Sp. camisa, a shirt. 



CAMI'SARDS, persecuted Calvinists, inha- 

 biting the Cevennes, in France, who, in 

 the beginning of the 18th century attacked 

 the tax-collectors, dragged them out of 

 bed and hanged them with the tax-rolls 

 about their necks. To disguise them- 

 selves, they appeared in their shirts, 

 whence the name. 



CAM'LET, I A light stuff manufactured 



CAM'BLET. ) on a loom with two tred- 

 dles, and so named from its being origi- 

 nally made of camel's hair. There are 

 camlets of different kinds, as goat's hair, 

 hair and wool, wool and silk, wool and 

 linen or cotton yarn. Some are watered, 

 others figured, and some striped. 



CAM'OMILE. the anthemis nobilis, a well- 

 known plant, the dried daisy-like flowers 

 of which are much used in medicine. 

 Latin name Chamomilla. 



CAMP, from Lat. Campus, 1. The place 

 and order of tents for soldiers in the field, 

 in contradistinction to bivouac, which de- 

 notes the situation of an army which re- 

 mains in the open air. 2. In agriculture, 



a heap of turnips, potatoes, or other roots, 

 laid up for preserving through the winter. 



CAMPA'NA (Latin), a bell ; used to denote, 

 1. In chemistry, a receptacle like a bell 

 used for making sulphuric acid; whence 

 the old name oleiun sitlphuris per cam- 



pannm. 2. In architecture, the body of 



the Corinthian pillar, thus named from 

 its figure. 



CAMPANA'CE.E, bell-shaped flowers; an 

 order of plants in Linnaeus's natural me- 

 thod Canipana. a bell. 



8 CAM 



CAMPAN'II.E, in architecture, a tower 

 appropriated to bells, from Ital.campana, 

 a bell. In Italy bell-towers are built 

 apart from the churches. 



CAMPANULA, the bell-flower, an exten- 

 sive genus of plants mostly perennials. 

 Pentandria Monogynia. Name, dim. of 

 campana, a bell. There are several Bri- 

 tish species of this plant, of which the 

 throat-wort is among the best known. 

 It is used in medicine for sore-throat. 



CAMPANCLA'CE^:, bell-shaped flowers ; a 

 natural order of plants of which the 

 genus campanula is the the type. 



CAMPANULA'RIA, a genus of coralliferous 

 polypi placed amonsr the Tubularii by 

 Cuvier. Name from' campanula , a little 

 bell. The extremities of the branches 

 through which the polypi pass are 

 widened and bell-shaped. 



CAMPAN'ULATE, Lat. campanulatus, bell- 

 shaped, applied to many parts of plants, 

 especially the corolla and nectary. 



CAMP-CEILING. A roof is said to be 

 camp or tent ceiled, which has the ceiling 

 under the rafters. 



CAMPEACHY-WOOD, the wood of the Hee- 

 matoxylon campeachianwn, known better 

 by the name logwood, which is said to at- 

 tain the greatest perfection at Campeachy 

 in America. 



CAMPES'TRAL, \ Lat. campestris, per- 



CAMPES'TRIAN J taining to the open 

 fields, applied as the specific name of 

 many plants. 



CAMP'-FIGHT. In old law writings, a trial 

 by duel, or the legal combat of two cham- 

 pions for the decision of a controversy. 



CAMP-MEET'ISGS, religious meetings 

 among the Methodists held in the open 

 air (campus) in Britain and America. In 

 the latter country sometimes 20,000 

 attend. 



CAMPHI'NB. In chemistry, a hydro-car- 

 bon, identical with pure oil of turpentine. 



CAM'PHIRE, ) a peculiar substance which 



CAM'PHOR, 1 exists in several plants, 

 but is obtained chiefly from two trees: 

 the Laurus camphora, found in the forests 

 of Fokein in China and of North Ame- 

 rica, and the Dryobalanops camphora, 

 which grows in the forests of Sumatra 

 and Borneo. From the first-named tree 

 the camphor is obtained by boiling the 

 wood ; from the second it is obtained by 

 making incisions into the tree when 

 growing, into which incision the cam- 

 phor concretes ; the tree is then cut down 

 and the camphor extracted. After ex- 

 traction it is purified by mixing it in a 

 crude state with a twentieth part of its 

 weight of quick lime and subliming it. 

 When pure it has a strong and peculiar 

 fragrance, and a bitter pungent taste. It 

 is white, semi-transparent, unctuous to 

 the touch, brittle, and of irregular crys- 

 talline texture. It is volatile, melts at 



