GO U 



357 



OR A 



termed cyma-recta. In fortification, the 

 entrance of a bastion, ravelin, or other 

 outwork. 



GORGED. In heraldry, bearing of a 

 crown, coronet, &c., about the gorge or 

 neck. 



GOR'GET, Fr. gorgette, from gorge. \. A 

 piece of armour for defending the throat 



or neck. 2. An instrument, or rather 



two instruments, used in the operation of 

 lithotomy: the cutting gorget is a sort of 

 knife, and the blunt garget is merely a 

 ort of large directory for guiding the for- 

 ceps in the operation. 



GORGONE'IA (Gr.). In architecture, carv- 

 ings of masks imitating the Gorgon's head. 



GORGO'NIA, a genus of coralliferous 

 polypi, characterised by having its axis 

 enveloped by a bark so penetrated by cal- 

 careous granules as to dry upon the axis, 

 and retain its colours, which are often 

 very vivid and beautiful. The species 

 live upon living animalcules. 



GOS'SAMER, from gossypium. A fine filmy 

 substance, like cobwebs, floating in the 

 air in calm weather, especially in autumn. 

 It is frequently seen on furze, and is 

 supposed to be formed by a species of 

 spider. 



GOSSYP'IUM, the Cotton-plant; a genus 

 of seven, or according to "Willdenow, 

 ten, species. 3Ionadelphia Polyandria. 

 .Name gossypium is the Latin word for 

 cotton, the root of which is the oriental 

 name goottn. Some of the species, as the 

 American, are herbaceous, others are 

 shrubby ; and one is called a tree, but it 

 liardly deserves the name, except that it 

 grows upon a single stem. It is a native 

 of India, China, Egypt, and the western 

 coast of Africa . See COTTON . 



GOTH'IC. In architecture, this term is 

 used to denote the pointed style, supposed 

 to have been invented by the Goths. 

 Some, however, refer the origin of this 

 .style to India and Persia ; and certainly 

 there are instances of the occurrence of 

 pointed arches in very ancient Mahom- 

 juedan structures. The pointed arch was 

 introduced into England towards the close 

 of the reign of Henry I., but the intro- 

 duction of the Gothic style as a whole 

 was very gradual ; and accordingly in- 

 stances are found where pointed arches 

 are mixed in the same building with those 

 of the Saxon and Norman. The true com- 

 mencement of the English Gothic is re- 

 ferred to the reign of lUchard I. 



GUUGE (Fr.';, a round hollow chisel, used 

 to cut holes, channels, or grooves, in wood 

 or stone. 



GOU'LARD'S CERATE, the compound ce- 

 rate of lead. 



GOU'LARD'S EXTRACT, a saturated solu- 

 tion of acetate of lead. 



Goux.Fr.powte. A disease characterised 

 toy pain in the joints, especially of the 



feet and hands, and, more particularly 

 still, of the great toe. 



GOUTY CONCRETIONS, called also chalk- 

 stones from their appearance, are com- 

 posed of uric acid combined with am- 

 monia. 



GOWLAND'S LOTION, an extract of bitter 

 almonds, with admixture of corrosive 

 sublimate, sugar, and alcohol. 



GOV'ERNMENX. In politics, (1.) The body 

 of the laws of a state, whether monarchi- 

 cal, aristocratical, or democratic. (2.) The 

 body of men who conduct the executive in 

 any country. 



GOV'ERNOR. In mechanics, a contrivance 

 connected with some machines for regu- 

 lating their motion. It consists of an. 



upright spindle, set in motion by the ma 

 chine. The twc balls, suspended by rods, 

 partake of the motion, and fly out by 

 means of the centrifugal force, in propor- 

 tion as the motion is rapid. In consequence 

 of this the upper portion of the contriv- 

 ance is elevated or depressed by every 

 change in the speed of the engine ; and in 

 the steam-engine this motion is trans- 

 ferred to the throttle-valve by means of a 

 lever, and thus regulates the supply of 

 steam to the cylinders. Thus, if the engine 

 is going too fast, the governor shuts the 

 throttle-valve in part, and if too slow, it 

 falls down and allows more steam to pass. 



GOV'ERNOR-OENEUAL OF INDIA. He ex- 

 ercises some of the most important rights 

 of sovereignty, as declaring war, making 

 peace, framing treaties, and to a certain 

 extent, making laws. 



GRACE. 1. In music, consists in giving 

 due place to the decorative additions, and 

 that easy, smooth, and natural expression 

 of the passages which best conveys the 

 beauties of the composition. 2. In the 

 fine arts, equality arising from elegance 



of form and attitude combined. 3. At 



meals, the saying of a grace is a Jewish 

 practice, and was sanctioned also by Jesus 

 Christ. 4. Days of grace. In commerce. 



