G R 3 



GROINED ARCH, an arch formed by the 

 intersection of two semi-cylinders or 

 arches : the point of juncture is called a 

 groin. It is the most stable of all the 

 arches. 



GROINED CEILING, a ceiling formed of 

 three or more curved surfaces, so that 

 every two may form a groin, and all the 

 groins terminating at one extremity in a 

 common point. 



GROM MBT, a ring or small wreath 

 formed by laying a strand of a rope three 

 or four times round, used to fasten the 

 upper edge of a sail to its stay. 



GRONIN'GENISTS. Tn ecclesiastical history , 

 & subdivision of Anabaptists. 



GROOVE. In architecture, a sunken rec- 

 tangular channel. 



GROS, a French weight of 59'07 troy 

 grains. 



GROSS. 1. The number of 12 dozen. 



2. Gross-weight is the whole weight of 

 goods, with the packing bags, boxes, &c., 

 for which allowance of tare and tret is 

 made. 3. In gross is a law term, signi- 

 fying absolute or independent. Thus an 

 advotcson in gross is one separate from the 

 manor. 



GROSS'EEAK, a bird, the Loria enudeator, 

 Lin. (see CORYTHUS), which closely re- 

 sembles the crossbill in its habits. It is 

 found in the north of both continents, and 

 takes its name from its peculiar beak. In 

 North America it is called popularly the 

 Virginia nightingale. 



GROS'SULARE, an asparagus-green variety 

 of dodecahedral garnet found in Siberia, 

 embedded in a pale greenish claystone 

 along with Vesuvian. 



GROTTO, Fr. grotte ; an artificial cavern 

 or cave. The term is sometimes also used 

 for a natural cave of small size. 



GROUND. 1. In painting, the surface 

 upon which the figures and other objects 

 are represented, and which retains the 

 original colour. 2. In etching, the com- 

 position spread upon the surface of the 

 plate to be etched, to prevent the acid 

 from attacking any parts, except where 

 the ground is opened by the etching- 

 needle. 



GROUND- JOINTS. In carpentry, joints 

 supporting the floor immediately above 

 the ground. 



GROUNDS, a name given by joiners to 

 narrow pieces of wood built into the foun- 

 dations of walls, at the surbases of rooms. 

 to secure architraves and support the 

 walls over apertures. 



GRO'UNDSILL, the lowest horizontal tim- 

 ber of a wall. 



GROUND TACKLE. In nautical language, 

 a general name for all ropes and furniture 

 belonging to anchors. 



GROUP. 1. In painting and sculpture, is 

 an assemblage of figures of men, boasts, 

 (raits, or the like, which have some ap- 



1 G U A 



parent relation to each other. 2. In 



music, one of the diminutions of long 

 notes, which in working form a sort of 

 group, knot, or bush. 



GROUPED COLUMNS, are when three, 

 four, or more columns are put together 

 on the same pedestal : when two arc 

 placed together, they are coupled. 



GHOU'PING. In painting and sculpture, 

 the art of composing or combining the 

 objects of a picture or piece of sculpture. 



GROCT, a mortar used in brick and stone 

 work, called also grouting. It is composed 

 of quick lime and fine sand, and is em- 

 ployed so thin as to be poured into the 

 upper beds and internal j oints of the work . 



GROWING. In nautical language, implies- 

 the direction of the cable from the ship 

 towards the anchors. 



GRUINA'LES, from grus, a crane. A na- 

 tural order of plants, of which the gera- 

 nium or crane's-bill is the type. 



Gnus, the crane. A genus of birds. 

 Order Grallatorite: family Cultrirostres. 

 The cranes are distinguished from the 

 herons and storks by their straight but 

 slightly cleft beak. The trumpeters ol 

 South America and the crowned cranes 

 of Africa belong to the genus. 



GRYLLO-TALPA, the mole-cricket (Gryl- 

 lus vulgaris, Lin.), separated from the 

 genus Gryllus, Lin., by Latreille. This 

 insect is very well known to gardeners, 

 &c., for the mischief it effects upon the 

 roots of plants. 



GRYL'LUS. The name given by Lin- 

 na?us to an ex tensive genus of saltatorian 

 orthoptera, comprising the various in- 

 sects commonly termed grasshoppers, 

 crickets, katy-dids, &c., but now vari- 

 ously subdivided 



GUAI'AC, a resin which exudes from the 

 trunk of the Guaiacum officinale, a tree 

 common in the "West India islands and 

 the warmer parts of America. 



GUAI'ACUM, a genus of trees of two spe- 

 cies. Decandria Monogynia. Name 

 from Span. Guayaco, which is formed 

 from the Indian Hoaxacum. This genus 

 affords the resinous substance called 

 guaiac, and the wood called lignum vita. 

 Jamaica, Hayti, New Spain, &c. 



GUA'NO, a substance found upon the 

 coasts of Peru, in the islands of Chincni, 

 &c., forming deposits of 50 or 60 feet 

 thick, and of considerable extent. It ap- 

 pears to be accumulations of the excre- 

 ments of innumerable flocks of birds, es- 

 pecially herons, and is found an ex, -client 

 manure for Indian corn, &c. 



GUAR'DANT. In heraldry, having the 

 face turned towards the spectator. 



GUAR'DIAN. In laic, one appointed by 

 will or otherwise to take charge of the 

 estate and education of a minor, or other 

 person not of sufficient discretion to ma- 

 nage his own concerns, and who is called 



