IN U 



400 



I XV 



or any other given order of musical tones. 



'1. The manner of sounding the notes 



of a musical scale. In this sense the word 

 is always accompanied by an epithet, as 

 harp, flat, &c. 



INTRAFOLIA'CEOUS, Lat. intrafoJiaceus, 

 without the leaves. Applied to stipulae 

 which are above the footstalk of plants, 

 and internal with respect to the leaf. 



INTRA'DOS (Italian). The internal curve 

 of the arch of a bridge. 



INTRANSITIVE, Lat. intransitivus, from 

 " and transeo, to pass over. An epithet 

 in grammar for a verb that expresses ac- 

 tion that does not pass over to the object, 

 but is limited to the agent. 



IN TRAX'SITU (Latin). In the act of 

 passing or of transition. 



INTRENCH'MENT, properly a trench only: 

 but as the earth thrown out of a trench 

 forms a part, and often the most neces- 

 sary and useful part of a fortification, the 

 term is generally used to signify a ditch 

 and parapet, and frequently fascines co- 

 vered with earth, gabions, bags tilled 

 with earth and other materials collected 

 to cover men from an enemy's fire. 



INTROSUSCEI-'TION, from intro, within, 

 and stiscipio, to receive. The slipping of 

 one portion of intestine within another. 

 This accident gives rise to iliac passion. 



IJJ'TROIT, Lat. introitiis, entry. In ec- 

 clesiastical history, the verses chanted at 

 the entry of the congregation into the 

 church. 



INTUI'TION, from intuitus, immediate 

 'tnowledge. Knowledge not obtained by 

 deductive reasoning ; also the act whereby 

 the mind perceives the agreement or dis- 

 agreement of two ideas immediately by 

 themselves without the intervention of 

 any other, in which case the mind per- 

 ceives the truth as the eye does the light, 

 only by being directed towards it. 



INTUS-SUSCEP'TION, from inttts, within, 

 and suscipio, to receive. 1. Introsuscep- 

 tion (q. v.). 2. Nutrition, the intersti- 

 tial deposition of particles, by which the 

 existence of living bodies is sustained, 

 and their waste supplied. 



IN'ULA, a genus of syngenesious plants, 

 mostly hardy perennials. Order Poly- 

 gamia superflua. Name contracted from 

 heleniwn (sAinev), fabled to have sprung 

 from the tears of Helen. The elecampane, 

 flea-bane, and golden samphire, are Bri- 

 tish types. There are 26 exotic species 

 known. 



IN'ULINE, a substance first extracted 

 from the root of the Inula helenitim, or 

 elecampane. It is white and pulverulent 

 like starch, and differs from this sub- 

 stance chiefly because its solution, when 

 it cools, lets fall the inuline unchanged, in 

 powder, whereas starch remains dissolved 

 in the cold as a jelly ar paste. 



space. See VACUUM. 



INVERSE', Lat. inversus, inverted : op- 

 posed to direct. Inverse proportion or ratio 

 is when the effect or result of any opera- 

 tion is less in proportion as the cause is 

 greater, or greater in proportion as the 

 cause is less. Thus the time in which a 

 quantity of work can be performed, will 

 be less in proportion as the number ot 

 workmen is greater, and vice vend. Also, 

 in the case of light and heat flowing from 

 a luminous body, the light and heat are 

 less in proportion as the distance is great : 

 the intensities are inversely as the square 

 of the distance. The inverse method cf 

 fluxions is the method of finding the fluents 

 of given fluxional expressions. It is the 

 same as the integral calculus. 



INVERSION, from in and trrto, to turn ; 

 change of order, so that the first comes 

 last and the last first. Thus by inversion 

 the antecedents of a proportion become 

 the consequents and the consequents the 

 antecedents ; e.g., if a : b : : c : d, then by 

 inversion b : a : : d : c. In music, a change 

 of position, either of a subject or of a 

 chord, constitutes an inversion ; and in 

 grammar, the same term is used to denote 

 any change in the natural order of the 

 words of a sentence. 



INVER'TEBRAL ANIMALS. Animals desti- 

 tute of a skull and vertebral column, for 

 the protection of the brain and the spinal 

 marrow. 



INVERT'ED ARCH, an arch having its in- 

 trados below the centre, axis, or spring 

 line. Inverted arches are much employed 

 in the foundations of buildings, and are 

 turned between piers, &c., to connect the 

 whole together. 



INVES'TITURE, from invest. A term in 

 law for the open delivery of seisin or pos- 

 session, anciently accompanied with a 

 great variety of ceremonies. 



INVOLUCEI/LUM, Lat. In botany, the 

 secondary involucrum surrounding one ot 

 the umbellules of an umbelliferous plant, 

 or the florets of a capitulum. 



INVOLU'CRUM (Lat.), a wrapper. 1. In 

 kotnny,i\. leafy calyx or row of small leaves 

 remote from the flower: applied chiefly 

 to umbelliferous plants. It is universal, 

 when at the base of the whole umbel, and 

 partial when at the base of each partial 



stalk of the umbel. 2. In anatomy, a 



membrane which covers any part; also a 

 name of the pericardium. 

 IN'VOLUTE. In geometry, a curve conceived 

 to be described by the extremity of a 

 string unwinding itself from another 

 curve about which it is lapped. 



INVOLL-'TION, from in and roluo, to roll ; 

 the infolding of parts. 1. In algebra, the 

 raising of a quantity from its root to any 

 given power. Powers are found from 

 roots by involution, and roots from po wen 



