JUB 



408 



JUL 



before another. Thus assurances are made 

 for the benefit of survivors, by paying an 

 annual premium during the continuance 

 of two joint lives, the sum insured to be 

 paid to the surviving party when either 

 of the lives shall drop. 



JOINT STOCK, a stock or fund formed by 

 the union of several shares from different 

 persons. In this way Joint Stock Compa- 

 nies are formed for commercial purposes. 

 Banking In Scotland is mainly carried on 

 by such companies. 



JOINT-TENANCY, a tenure of estate by 

 unity of interest, title, time and possession. 



JOIN'TCRE, a settlement on a woman in 

 consideration of marriage, and which she 

 is to enjoy after her husband's death. 



JOIST, Scot, jeist. One of the cross or 

 secondary timbers on which the boards of 

 the floor of a house rest. Joists are 

 placed with their edges uppermost, and 

 are framed into the girders and summers. 

 If cross pieces are fixed to the beams un- 

 derneath, to sustain the lath and plaster, 

 these are called ceiling joists. The bridg- 

 ing joists are those to which the boards 

 are nailed ; the binding-joists are those into 

 which the bridging-joists are mortised. 



JOLLY-BOAT. The same as YAWL, which 

 see. 



JONO.UIL'. In botany, a species of nar- 

 cissus or daffodil, the If. jonguilla of 

 Spain. The If. calathinns, is called the 

 great jonquil. The name is Fr.jonqiiille, 

 from Lat. junnts, a rush ; hence the plant 

 is sometimes called the rush-headed daf- 

 fodil. 



JOCR'NAL (French). A sort of diary, from 

 Lat. diurnum, through the Ital. giomale, 

 from giorno, a day. Journals are made 

 up of accounts of daily transactions. Na- 

 Tigators give the name journal to their 

 register of the ship's course and distance, 

 the winds, weather, &c., and merchants 

 use the same term as the title of a book 

 wherein their transactions are entered 

 from the waste-book or blotter. Some 

 daily newspapers are also appropriately 

 C&lle&journals ; and we have various jour- 

 nals published at stated intervals, contain- 

 ing accounts of inventions, discoveries, 

 and improvements in the arts and sciences. 



2. In mechanics, the name journal 



is given to that portion of a shaft which 

 revolves on a support situated between 

 the power applied and the resistance. 



JOURNEYMAN, strictly, a man employed 

 to work by the day (journte, a day or day's 

 work) ; but now applied to any mecha- 

 nic who is hired to work for another, 

 whether by the month, year, or other 

 term. The term is restricted to mecha- 

 nics in their own trades. 



JC'BILEE, Fr.jubilt, from Lat. jubilum, 

 tromjubilo, to shout for joy. A term of 

 public and solemn festivity. The jubilee 

 of the ancient Hebrews occurred every 



fiftieth year, and began with the autum- 

 nal equinox. At this time all slaves were 

 liberated, all debts annihilated, and ail 

 lands, &c., however alienated, were re- 

 stored to their first owners. All agricul- 

 ture for the whole year was also sus- 

 pended, and the poor had the benefit of 

 the harvest, vintage, and other produc- 

 tions of the earth. In imitation of the 

 Jewish jubilee, Pope Boniface VIII. in- 

 stituted jubilees at Rome, during which, 

 plenary indulgence was granted to sin- 

 ners, or to as many as should visit the 

 churches of St. Peter and St. Paul at 

 Rome. 



JUDGE, from judex, compounded of jut 

 and dico. A civil officer, who is invested 

 with authority to hear and determine 

 causes, civil or criminal, between parties 

 according to his commission. In British 

 polity, the title judge is retained where 

 that of president would more truly ex- 

 press the functions of the officer who 

 bears it. In Chancery, in the ecclesiasti- 

 cal courts, and in the Court of Admiralty, 

 the judge really judges, but in the courts 

 of law, civil and criminal, the jurors are 

 the actual judges. There the business of 

 the judge, as he is denominated, is to 

 put the evidence and pleadings in a com- 

 pendious point of view, but he submits 

 the question of judgment to the jury. 



JUDO'MENT. 1. In metaphysics, a fa- 

 culty or rather act of the mind whereby 

 it compares ideas, and perceives their 



agreement and disagreement. 2. In 



law, the sentence pronounced by a court 

 upon any cause civil or criminal. Judg- 

 ments are either interlocutory or final. 

 3. In the ./Sue arts,, the faculty of mak- 

 ing the most suitable selection. 



JUDGMENT or GOD. Formerly this term 

 was applied to extraordinary trials of 

 secret crimes, as by arms and single com- 

 bat, ordeal, red-hot ploughshares, &c., it 

 being understood that God would work 

 miracles to vindicate innocence. 



JU'GERUM, a Roman acre, being to the 

 English acre as 10,000 to 16,097. 



JD'GLANS, the walnut-tree. A genus of 

 four species. Monoecia Polyandria. Name 

 quasi Jovis glans, Jupiter's nut, from the 

 excellence of the fruit. Temperate 

 climates. 



JC'GULAR, belonging to the jugulum or 

 throat, as the jugular veins which run 

 from the head down the sides of the neck. 



JU'JUBE, a plant, the Rhamnus sizyphns ; 

 also the fruit of this plant, which nearly 

 resembles a small plum. In the southern 

 parts of Europe jujubes are a common ar- 

 ticle of food in their recent state ; they 

 are brought into this country as a half- 

 dried fruit, and were formerly much used 

 in pectoral decoctions. The name it 

 Arabic , ji{iubak. 



JULIAN CALENDAR. The civil cal*sdu 



