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PAVED-WAY. A certain description of 

 tramway, but formed of stone instead of 

 iron, and which may be described as a 

 medium between a road and a railway. 



PAV'ING, 1 Paving is applied to the 



PAVE'MENT. / covering of stones laid 

 over roads. The flat paving laid down 

 on footpaths is termed pavement or flag- 

 ging, and the line of stone set on edge, 

 and which separates the road from the 

 footpath, is called the curb, as keeping 

 each sort of paving in its place. "When 

 the paving-stones of a street are not 

 dressed, they form a nibble causeway: 

 when they are properly dressed and 

 pointed, they form an aisler causeway. 

 Brick has been used, and is still used in 

 Amsterdam, Venice, &c., as a paving ma- 

 terial, and wood is at present under ex- 

 periment for that purpose ; but the com- 

 mon materials are granite and Purbeck- 

 stone, though basalt (whinttane) is very 

 much used in Scotland, and other loca- 

 lities where it is plentiful. In France, 

 gritstone (gres) is used. In the interior of 

 some edifices, the pavement is formed of 

 marble, often variegated and inlaid with 

 mosaic work. For nagging, the Arbroath 

 and Newcastle flags are perhaps the best ; 

 but flagging is now beginning to be super- 

 seded, in some of the large towns, by va- 

 rious bituminous preparations, as Robin- 

 son's Parisian bitumen, Bastenne Ganjac 

 bitumen, Scottish asphaltum, &c., which 

 are employed to form the surface, the 

 foundation being any coarse material. 

 Diamond pavements have the stones laid 

 diagonally. Tessellated pavement is com- 

 posed of mosaic work, made of square 

 pieces of stone, &c., called tesserce, im- 

 bedded in cement. This was the favour- 

 ite pavement of the Romans, and it was 

 certainly an improvement on the painted 

 pavements of Greece. 



PAVIL'ION (Fr.), from Lat. papilio, a 

 butterfly. 1. A tent, or covering in the 



form of a tent. 2. In architecture, a 



kind of turret or building, usually insu- 

 lated, and comprised beneath a single roof. 

 The name is also given to the projecting 

 part in front of a building, and which 

 sometimes flanks a corner, when it is 



termed an angular pavilion. 3. Among 



jewellers, the under side and corner of 

 brilliants, lying between the girdle and 

 collet. 



PA'VO. The Peacock. A genus of gal- 

 linaceous fowls, characterised by a crest 

 on the head, and by the coverts of the tail 

 of the male being larger than its quills, 

 and capable of being erected, so as to form 

 a circle. The shining, lax, and silky barbs 

 of these feathers, and the ocellated spots 

 that decorate their extremities, are well 

 known in the common peacock, P. crista- 

 tut. Lin., originally from the north of 

 liidia, and introduced into Europe by 



Alexander. The magnificent plumage cf 

 this superb bird is surpassed by that of the 

 wild ones. 



PA'VO ET INDUS. The Peacock and 

 India. A constellation situated in the 

 Antarctic circle. It contains 26 stars, of 

 which one is of the second magnitude. 



PAVO'NIA, from pavo, a peacock. 1. A 

 coral with a deep and isolated cell, con- 

 taining a large depressed polypus, very 

 similar to the actinia,-both as regards its 



structure and appearance. 2. A genus 



of plants. Monadelphia Polyandria. Moct 

 of the species are shrubs, and all inhabit 

 hot climates. 



PAWN. A pledge lodged for the secu 

 rity of the payment of a sum of money 

 borrowed. The term is applied to goods, 

 and not to real estate. Those individuals 

 who lend money on pledges are termed 

 pawnbrokers, and the business they carry 

 on in this way is pawnbroking. Pawn- 

 brokers are required to take out a li- 

 cense, and are allowed to charge interest 

 at from 15 to 25 per cent., with other fe-,e 

 for duplicates. 



PAY. Among seamen, to pay is to daub 

 the surface of any body with some sub- 

 stance, as tar, to protect it from injury by 

 water, weather, &c. Paying-off is the 

 movement by which a ship's head falls to 

 leeward. The same term is also used for 

 the discharge of the ship from actual ser- 

 vice. Paying-out or paying-atcay is the act 

 of slacking a cable or other rope, so as to 

 let it run out of the vessel. 



PATB'B. The person named in a bill or 

 note, as he to whom the amount is pro- 

 mised or directed to be paid. 



PEA. One of the most esteemed of the 

 pulse plants, introduced into Britain by 

 the Romans. There are several varieties, 

 but the common garden-pea (Pisum sati- 

 vum) , and the common grey or field-pea 

 (Pisum arvense), are the most generally 

 cultivated. 



PEACH, Fr. ptche. The fruit of the 

 peach-tree, the Amygdalus persica, a na- 

 tive of Persia, hence called by the an- 

 cients Malus Persica, or Persian apple : 

 also the tree itself. 



PZA'COCK, \ See PAVO. The name pea- 



PEA'-FOWL. / cock properly belongs to 

 the male, but it is popularly applied to the 

 species in general, though the female is, 

 for distinction, called a peahen. The pre- 

 fix pea is from the French paon, con- 

 tracted from Lat. pavonis, from pavo, the 

 peacock. 



PEAK. In naval language, the name 

 given to the upper corner of those sails 

 which are extended by a gaff, or by a 

 yard crossing the mast obliquely. 



PEARL, Sax. pearl, Ir. pearla, "Welch 

 verlyn, Ger. and Fr. perle, It. and Sp. 

 perla. Pearls are well-known gl'irular 

 concretions, found in several spvcies of 



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