RUN 



632 



RU8 



in any art or science : a determinate mode 

 prescribed for performing an operation, 

 producing a certain result, &c. Every 



science has its rules. 2 An instrument 



with lines, divisions, and numerals mark- 

 ed upon it, of the greatest utility in men- 

 suration. Of this instrument there are 

 numerous varieties, adapted to particular 

 objects. The most extensively used is 

 the carpenter's rule, divided into feet and 

 inches, and various parts and scales of 

 proportion, for taking lineal measure- 

 ments. There are various sliding rules, 

 for performing computation ; others fur- 

 nished with tables adapted to the use of 

 various trades and manufactures, and 

 also for professional purposes. 



RUM. A spirit distilled, in the "West 

 Indies, from fermented refuse of the cane- 

 juice and skimmings of the sugar-caul- 

 drons. It derives its peculiar flavour and 

 taste from the essential oils carried over 

 during the distillation. The pine -apple rum 

 is simply common rum in which a few slices 

 of pine-apple have been macerated, to give 

 it the peculiar flavour of the pine-apple. 



RU'MEN. In comparative anatomy, the 

 first stomach of such animals as chew the 

 cud, or which are endowed with the fa- 

 culty of rumination. 



RU'MBX. Dock. An extensive genus of 

 herbaceous plants. Hexandria Trigynia. 

 So named because the leaves of some spe- 

 cies are somewhat shaped like a rumex or 

 spear. There are ten species natives of 

 Britain, among M'hicb are the Common 

 Sorrel, or Sour-dock, and the Sheep's- 

 Korrel. One species, found in the Canary 

 Islands, and another in Africa, are called 

 trees. 



RUMINAIJ'TIA. Ruminants. Animals 

 which chew the cud : they form the eighth 

 order of the Mammalia (see RUMEN and 

 RUMINATION). The Camels, Musks, Stags, 

 Giraffe, Antelopes, Goats, Sheep, and Ox, 

 are all ruminants. 



RUMINA'TIOJJ. A faculty characteristic 

 of an order of animals : the Ruminantia. 

 It consists in a power of laying past the 

 food for a time, in a receptacle adapted 

 for it, and afterwards bringing it back 

 into the mouth and masticating it a second 

 time. It depends upon the structure of 

 the stomach, which is divided into four 

 compartments, the three first being so 

 disposed that the food may enter into 

 either of them. 



RC'CINATE, Lat. rucinatus, notched. 

 Applied to leaves which are cut into se- 

 veral acute transverse segments, pointing 

 backwards. 



RUNES, Germ..Rne. The ancient alpha- 

 betical letters peculiar to the northern 

 nations. 



RC'NIC. An epithet applied to the 

 letters and language of the ancient Goth* : 

 from runa, anything mysterious. 



RUN'NER. 1. One of the stones ot a 



flour-mill. 2. A sarment or shooting 



twig. 3. A thick rope, used to increase 



the mechanical power of a tackle. 4. 



One of the timbers on which a sleigh 

 slides. 



RUX'NINO-RIGGING denotes all that por- 

 tion of a ship's rigging which passes 

 through the blocks, to dilate, contract, or 

 traverse the sails : in distinction from 

 standing-riyying. 



RUN'NING FRCSH or THRUSH. An im- 

 posthume, or ulcer, that gathers on a 

 horse's frog, and sometimes causes it to 

 fall off. 



RTJN'NINQ TITLE. In printing, the title 

 of a book continued from page to page, on 

 the upper margin. 



RUPEE'. A silver coin of the East 

 Indies, value from 2s. 4d. to 2s. M. sterling. 

 The name is the Sanscrit word for silver. 



RU'PERT'S DROPS, Lachrymee Satavicce. 

 Glass drops, with long slender tails, which 

 burst to pieces on breaking off any part. 

 They are made by dropping glass while 

 in a state of fusion into cold water. 



RUP'TURE. In surgery, see HERNIA.. 



Rus'cus. Butcher's-Broom. A genus 

 of trees and shrubs. Dicecia Monadelphia. 

 Name, A russo colore, from the carnation- 

 colour of the berries. The Prickly But- 

 cher's-Eroom (R. aculeatus) is the British 

 type. The Alexandrian Laurel is a native 

 of the Continent. 



RUS'SIA ASHES. Impure potash, im- 

 ported from Russia. 



RUS'SIA COMPANY. A regulated com- 

 pany for conducting the trade with 

 Russia, incorporated by charter of Philip 

 and Mary, and sanctioned by Act of Par- 

 liament in 1566. 



RUS'SIA LEATHER. The tanned hides of 

 oxen and other bovine animals, denomi- 

 nated youfts or juffs by the Russians, on 

 account of their being manufactured in 

 pairs. It is soft, has a strong prominent 

 grain, a great deal of lustre, and a pow- 

 erful and peculiar odour. Its colours are 

 red and black ; the former is best, and 

 is largely used in this and other countries 

 for bookbinding, for which it is superior 

 to every other material. 



RUST, Sax. rust. The orange-red coat- 

 ing of peroxide which forms on the sur- 

 face of iron, when exposed to air and 

 moisture. This is rust properly so called, 

 but the oxides of some other metals, as 

 copper, are occasionally denominated 

 rusts. 



RUS'TIC. In architecture, a mode of 

 building in imitation of nature; the 

 stones being only smoothed on the sides 

 where they are intended to join, and 

 the outer surface left entirely rough. The 

 faces of the stones, in rustic work, are 

 now, however, generally hatched or 

 picked with the poirt of a hammer; and 



