Fulda, treasury ; the church of St Boniface ; the church of St teeth, melts freely in the mouth, adheres slightly to the 
Fullers Michael, which is said to have some resemblance tothe tongue. It is opake, and sufficiently soft to be scratch- 
age temple of Jerusalem ; and the convent of Franciscans, ed by the nail. It takes a polish by friction, is mode- 
FUL 
finely situated out of the town. The University of Ful- 
da was founded in 1739; and ‘in the ancient lib: 
are to be found many rare and valuable MSS. Here 1s 
a manufactory of porcelain. In the neighbourhood of 
Fulda are the baths-of Bruckenau, which are celebra- 
‘ted for their romantic situation, and for the good societ 
-which is to’be:met with. The celebrated Jesuit, Atha- 
masius Kircher, was a native of this town. Population 
12,060. Its position, according to trigonometrical ob- 
servations, is East Long. 9° 44/0’, and North Lat. 50° Ste: eae Dumit* Bae KEAN einige hese = 
‘33! 57", (w) aie . . . . . . . . . . ‘ $3; 
FULDA, Bisuopnic or, the ‘name of an ancient prin- M an biog shatters (cect Si phir x 
‘cipality in Germany, which was included by Bonaparte Oxtle pid ioe 3 Sijule Bip | teers thd a 
in the Grand Duchy of Frankfort. The extent of this Wabed ‘ol kacidiclanin a rites ie 
principality was formerly 37 square German miles ; its > be e . 
-annual revenue 35,000 rixdollars, and its population ; 8 
‘900,000. The principality contained many well-wooded o 
‘mountains, some rich arable land, and several impor- 
stant salt springs. See Conreperation of the ‘Rhine, 
Germany, and Catteau de Calleville’s Voyage en Alle- 
magne el en Suede, tom. i. p. 259, 260, where the reader 
will find an account of the origin of the town of Fulda. 
FULGORA. See Entomoxoey, Index. 
FULLERS Earrnu. Twosorts of argillaceous earths 
are described under the name of cimolia, in catalogues 
-of the Materia Medica, cimolia alba, sen argilla alba, 
Pharm. Edinb. the pure white strong clay, called, 
from the use to which it is principally applied, tobacco- 
pipe-clay ;_ and -cimolia purpurascens, (Pharm. Edin.) 
a compact bolar earth, commonly of a greyish brown 
colour, called from its use fullers earth. These have 
been both since expunged, and the name cimolia would 
-appear to have been given from Cimolus, the ancient 
name of an island in the sea of ‘Crete, opposite to the 
alkane Zephyrus, having the same kind of soil; . 
ence terra cimolia, Kiori yx, Chalk, or fullers earth, 
and Cretosaque rura Cimoli, Ovid; it is now called 
Sicandro. 
Among the useful researches for which we are indebt- 
ed to the illustrious Bergman, we find one upon litho- 
marge, or stone marl, which seems to differ from com- 
mon marl in its composition, chiefly in possessing a 
much larger portion of siliceous, and less of calcareous 
26 © 
-blow-pipe it melts into a brown x ot ry scoria.. The 
4 hire was ana ocr f 
FUL 
rately heavy ; but its specific gravity has not been ac-~ 
curately ascertained: thrown into water, it makes no 
-ebullition, or hissing, but swells gradually in bulk, and 
falls into a fine soft powder, -especially when the water 
‘is warm : it does-not effervesce with acids; before the 
fullers earth of Hamps by Bergman, 
from which he obtained the following results:— 
The analysis of other-earths included in lithomarge 
will be found below, under Substiiutes. There appears 
to be two distinct formations of fullers earth ; or rather 
two different minerals seem to be confounded under the 
samename. The fullers earth of Saxony belongs to the 
primitive rocks, being found under strata of slaty grun- 
stein, and passing by degrees into this very mineral ; 
hence it consists of the same materials, either originally 
deposited in this: loose state, or having acquired this 
consistence from decomposition. The English fullers 
earth, on the other hand, is always found in beds co- 
vered by, and resting upon, that peculiar and hitherto 
undescribed sand-stone formation, which accompanies 
and serves as the ‘foundation to chalk. 
Fullers earth is found in several counties of England ; 
but in greatest abundance in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, 
Hampshire, and S For some account of this mi- 
neral in Surry, see the article Enextanp, vol, viii. p. 
713. Asa more particular account will naturally be 
expected under the present article, we shall consider the 
subject under the following heads: 1st, Particulars 
swith regard to the counties of England in which it has 
been found ; 2dly, The mode-of treatment adopted by 
manufacturers ; 3dly, Its various uses ; 4thly, re=« 
straints; 5thly, Subsictutes used either-at home-or abroad. 
In the county of Surry there are great quanti- Account of 
ties of fullers earth found about Nutfield, Riegate, the fuller 
and Blechingley, to the south of the Downs, and earth in 
some, but of inferior quality, near Sutton and Croy- 5¥*¥+ 
earth ; the general characters of which are, 1st, When 
dry, it is-smooth and slippery, like hard soap: 2dly, It 
is not perfectly diffusible in water ; but when immersed 
in that fluid, it falls into pieces of greater or lessmagni- 
tude, or in such a manner as to ‘assume the appearance 
of-curds: 3dly, In the fire it easily melts into a white or 
reddish frothy slag, which is considerably larger than 
-before, in consequence of its porosity: 4thly, Its frac- 
ture is irregularly convex, or concave. Fullers earth is 
one.of the most useful varieties of lithomarge. Its par- 
ticular characters are, that the colour is greenish white, 
greenish grey, olive, oil green, greyish ash coloured, 
brown in all degrees from very pale to almost black; 
light yellowish green, or yellowish grey, passing into 
pale ochre yellow ; its colours are sometimes disposed 
in spots or stripes, it-occurs only in mass, and is with- 
out lustre ; it is very hard and firm, of a compact tex- 
ture, of a rough and somewhat dusty surface ; its frac- 
ture is uneven, passing into large conchoidal and slaty 
or fine-grained ; it breaks by force into indeterminate, 
blunt-edged, or slaty fragments ; it is unctuous to the 
touch, not staining the hands, nor breaking easily be- 
tween the fingers. It has a little harshness between the 
don, to the north of them. The most considerable 
pits are near Nutfield, between which place and Rie- 
gate, particularly on Redhill, about a mile to the east 
of Riegate, it lies so near the surface, as frequently . 
to be turned up by the wheels of the waggons.. The 
fullers earth to the north of the road between Red- 
hill and Nutfield, and about a quarter of a mile from 
the latter place, is very thin; the seam in general is 
thickest on the swell of the hill to the south of the 
road. It is not known how long this earth has been 
dug in Surry; the oldest pit now wrought is said to 
have lasted between fifty and sixty years, but it 
is fast wearing out. The seam-of fullers earth dips in 
‘different directions. In one, if not in more cases, it in- 
clines to the west with a considerable angle: There 
are two kinds of it, the blue and the yellow: the for- 
‘mer, on the eastern side ‘of the pit, is frequently with- 
in a yard of the surface, being covered merely with the 
soil,—a tough, wet, clayey loam. A few yards to the 
west, the blue kind appears with an irony sand stone, 
4 
