VW 
GAL Ui! 
owt. and theywar duty 9s, -4d.;, amounting, in all to 
£12173 40 bo biter ath 
The following ‘Table shews'the quantity of this root 
he years 1804 to. 1806 inclusive :. © seed 
ITS ITs 
) 
- 
aii iidlee WL ae ih be "Average ? 
*} September Sale. lessee per Cwt. 
i - 
Price. « 
| Cwt 
104 
10: 
rere 
£264 | +2 
18] 1 
OA D 
GAL 
of rectified spiri 
shew its q 
andjleaving the impurities:, .-¥V we Rend 
it of little value,..it is best by enclosing it in a 
bladder,, and keeping, it in boiling water till it melts or 
becomes soft enough to be strained by pressure through 
a hempen. cloth, . If this process be skilfully managed, 
the glam loses but aap the essential oil, some 
ich, is.generally carried off in-evaporation.”__ 
The, following, is an account of the quantities. im- 
ported.and.sold at the East India, sales in the years 
1804 to 1808 inclusive, with the sale amount and aver- 
en its ness. renders 
Twelve ewt. of galangal are: allowed.to.a ton, See 
Lewis's Materia Medica; and Milburn’s Oriental Com- 
merce. 
_ GALAPAGOS, or Tortoise, or ENCHANTED IsLaNDs, 
are the names which have been given to a cluster of 
desert. islands: situated. in the Pacific Ocean, in East 
Long. 268°.18’; and, South Lat. 1° 22’...They were 
first discovered-by the; Spaniards, and have.been since 
visited. by Dampier and. Vancouver.. The southernmost 
island is about 4 miles in circumference, and the north- 
ernmost about 14 mile. Most of these islands are flat, 
and selomabhs high... Four or five, of the. most eastern 
are rocky, hilly, and barren, producing nothing but 
some-shrubs on the shore. Others. of this cluster pro- 
duce trees of differen a sorta enchipyanre ohithe mane 
western of the group, which are 9 or 10 leagues long, 
and six or seven broad, large and tall trees, especially 
mammee trees, grow in extensive forests. In these large 
islands, the rivers are of a tolerable size. See Dampier’s 
Voyage round the World, vol. i. and Vancouver's Voy- 
ee 
“SG ALASHIELS. See RoxpurGusuire. 
. GALAXY, or Minky Way. See Astronomy. 
-GALBA.. See Rome. 
GALBANUM is the name of a gum which exudes 
naturally from the joints, or is obtained by incision from 
‘the stem of an evergreen plant, which is found in Per- 
sia, Arabia, and some parts of Africa, The following 
excellent account of this gum, as an article of commeree, 
is given by Mr Milburn. 
“ Galbanum is a gummy, resinous, rather unctuous 
substance, sometimes in the natural or tears, but 
more frequently in. masses com of a number of 
these blended together. The drops, when perfect, ap- 
proach near toa roundish or oblong figure ; but they 
commonly lose their form in the masses, _ These are 
pale coloured, semi-transparent, soft, and tenacious. In 
the best. specimens, they appear composed. of clear 
whitish tears, often intermixed with stalks and seeds of 
the plant.. When fresh, the masses and tears are white, 
and. with age change to yellow or brown. 
«* When the tears can be procured, they are to be 
preferred to the masses or cakes.. These tears should 
be fattish, moderately viscous, and glossy on the sur- 
face; such as are too fat, of a dark brown colour, and 
mixed with sticks.and other foreign substances, are to 
be rejected... The best cakes are those of a light yellow 
colour, of a > piercing, and, to most :persons, a 
isagreeable smell, of a bitterish warm taste, not very 
humid, nor yet quite dry, being of a nature between 
a and a resin, flaming in the fire, and with diffi- 
‘dissolved in oil. ‘The fewer chips, dirt, stalks, or 
other impurities, the better. A mixture of two parts 
1 
Average 
. March;Sale..|_ Sept. Sale. Total. per Cwt- 
Years. Price. 
1804 C 
1805 £199 | 42 
1806] .. “2 57 
1807] .. on « 
1808 ie 
Cwt. Gwt. |, Price Cwt| Price. | £.-# d. 
15 | £241 [16 
66 | 5981/9 
57 | 238 | 4 
15 | £241 
399 
238 
24 
Sixteen.cwt. of gum galbanum is allowed to the ton. 
The permanent duty. is £2, 4s. per. cwt, and the tem- 
porary or war duty £1, 8s. per ewt. ; making in the 
whole £5, 12s. per cwt. 
GALEN, one of the most celebrated eee of an- 
tiquity, and singular for the unbounded sway which his 
opinions long maintained over the medical world. He 
was born in the 131st year of the Christian era, in Per- 
gamos, a city of Asia Minor, of which Esculapius, the 
god of medicine, was considered as the protector. This 
circumstance, and the consequent attention which its 
priests paid to the medical art, probably rendered ita 
place well fitted to cherish in. an ardent mind a zeal for 
medical pursuits. He flourished in the reigns of M. 
Aurelius, Commodus, Lucius, and Severus. He en- 
joyed great advantages from. the literary and scientific 
attainments of his father Nico, 2 man of considerable 
wealth, and highly for his exem temper 
and virtue, as well as for his eminent knowl in li- 
-terature, geometry, astronomy, andarchitecture. His 
mother is described by him as a woman of strict virtue, 
and an excellent economist, but unhappy in her temper, 
often quarrelling with her husband, and even biting 
her domestics. 
His preliminary education, consisting) in grammar, 
arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, was continued 
‘till he was fifteen years.of age. In these branches he 
discovered a ready capacity anda retentive memory, and 
hisattainments far exceeded. those.of his fellow scho- 
Jars. _He then turned:his: attention to logic and philo- 
sophy. He: studied the system of the Stoics, by at- 
tending the prelections of Philopator, and reading the 
-works.of Chrysippus. On the latter he wrote a com- 
ment during his early studies. From the Stoical disci- 
pline he is considered as having greatly profited, by ac- 
.guiring principles of rigid self-government, which arm- 
ed hi inst the licentious manners.of that age. He 
studied the Platonic philosophy under Caius, a fellow 
citizen, aman of singular worth-and iticorruptibility of 
character. To these studies he was, probably indebted 
for the elegant direction which was given to the natu- 
ral fervour of his mind. His father also gave him an 
opportunity of learning:the Epicurean philosophy, un- 
der an Athenian who settled in Pergamos. On the 
f wine, and:one,of, water, will best Galen 
ib naling al sho par gaan, 
ou 
