GAL 
sition, and are too often treated. like slaves; but their 
patient endurance is said to proceed from a fear of dis- 
plessing rather than from any meanness of spirit ; and, 
their native country, their character is found to be 
sufficiently decided. As a proof of the general honesty 
of the Galicians, it is worthy of notice, that in many 
— of the province, but particularly in the vicinity of 
rense, where much excellent wine is made, every 
proprietor deposits the produce of his vin in vaults, 
at a little distance from the villages ; and, though these 
cellars are neither guarded, by any watchmen, nor even 
in many cases secured by shut or there is no in- 
stance of a theft being committed upon the property, 
thus in a manner delivered over to the public faith. 
See Laborde’s View of Spain, vol. ii. (q) 
GALICIA, or Gatuirzia, is the name given to 
the southern part of the possessions which the House of 
Austria acquired at the partition of Poland in 1772. 
The northern , called Lodemeria, was an ancient 
dependance of the kingdom of Hungary. Galicia is 
separated from Hungary by the Carpathian mountains ; 
and, including emeria, it contains 1280 square 
German miles, or nearly 3555 square leagues. 
The following Table will shew the agricultural state 
of this province. It contains in metzens, a German 
measure equal to nearly 53 French bushels, the annual 
produce of the province, 
ye ss als . - » 1,148,123 Metzens, 
Wee SESE LS 415,001 
Barley. fe oe hs 793,372 
Oats a faieran a aug? s* ROO LOS 
Pease are cau ee 98,323 
i A ey re SOP aaa, 76,370 
Fee ea Si at 76,370 
Wiraaeiens 2a ee f 3,130,177 Cart loads. 
Number of horses in 1780 35,079 
Number of horned cattle 1,556,276 
Draught cattle ...... 88,234 
Farms 3,253 
The following Table will shew the state of its ma- 
nufacturing industry at the same period of 1780. 
*e eee see e 
Water-mills 6. se ele ee 4694 
Wind-mills ....... AMER See eB 
Saw-mills 2... 6. CURA Sayin eae 259 
MOREAU isco, 53 5) osha ry 93 0s else MGS 
Powder-mills: . 0. 20 od eve ee ewe ee 8: 
Papersmills 5.5/8 0).J Save we 41 
Teo Ser ges. . «+ a 405. ine 0 ae 40 
Manufactories of potash......... 25 
Glass-works ......4.. Ltihaice re. os 21 
Salt-works of various kinds ...... 232 
The trade which Galicia carries on with Poland, 
Hu , &c. consists principally of grain, cattle, hides, 
wax, honey, salt, and other productions of its territory. 
The following is the number of towns and popula- 
tion of Galicia and Lodemeria in 1780, according to M. 
Schloetzer: 
PAW ce, stele e's 199 
ro Re eeee aie 
vs Wimmera 
Adrintions Females ..-...... 1,098,811 
ceeihiel Lo dee oa o re 
Total population ........... . 2,344,826 
_ Galicia is watered by the Dniester, the San, and seve- 
ral other rivers. Lemberg is the capital of the province. 
VOL, X. PART I, 
78 
GAL 
GALILEO Gate, an eminent Italian astrono- Gualileo. 
mer and natural philosopher, was born at Pisa, in Italy, ““Y-"" 
on the 15th February 1564, and was the son of Guilia 
Ammanati di Pescia, and Michelagnolo Vincenzio Gali- 
leo, a Florentine nobleman, who distinguished himself 
by his writings on musical subjects. The earlier years 
of Galileo were occupied with the study of music and, 
drawing, in both of which he made singular progress, 
but as the limited fortune of his father did not permit 
him to settle his son in a state of comfortable indepen- 
dence, he resolved to educate him as a physician, and 
after going through the usual course of instruction at 
Florence, Ri was entered in 1582, at the university of Pisa 
as a student of philosophy and medicine. The doc- 
trines of Aristotle, which were then taught in the 
public schools of Italy, were not congenial to a 
mind like Galileo’s, and he was equally disappointed 
in the pleasure which he anticipated from the study 
of physic. He therefore abandoned for ever the me- 
dical profession, and devoted himself with unremit- 
ting ardour and proportionate success to the study 
of mathematics. Without the aid of a master he studied 
the different books of Euclid, and made himself master 
of the writings of Archimedes, and the other ancient 
geometers. His fame as a mathematician was soon 
widely extended ; and in the year 1589, before he had 
reached his 26th year, the Duke of Tuscany appointed 
him to the mathematical chair in the university of Pisa. 
In the discharge of his duties as a professor, he incur- 
red the resentment of some of the more violent Aristo- 
telians, whose doctrines he did not scruple to oppose ; 
and his tranquillity and his studies were frequently dis- 
turbed by the hostility of his metaphysical enemies. He 
resolved therefore to change the place of his residence, 
and he gladly accepted of an invitation which he received 
to fill the mathematical chair in the university of Padua. 
He left Pisa in 1592, and continued in his new situa- 
tion at Padua for 18 years, raising the reputation of the 
university by the brilliancy of his talents, and diffusing 
a taste for science through the whole of Tuscany. His 
affection for his own country, however, induced him to 
accept, in 1611, the mathematical chair at Pisa, from 
Cosmo II. Grand Duke of Tuscany, who annexed to it 
a very handsome pension, . The same nobleman after- 
wards invited him to Florence, with the title of princi- 
pal mathematician and philosopher to his highness, and 
continued his former pension, without any obligation 
to discharge the duties of the professorship, 
In these various situations, Galileo’s attention was 
particularly or with. the subjects.of optics and me- 
chanics, During his first residence at Pisa, he was led to 
the idea of measuring time by the pendulum, by ob- 
serving the motion of a lamp in the cathedral of Pisa. 
From reading the treatise of Archimedes, De his que 
vehuntur in aqua, he was led to the invention of his 
Balance for determining the proportion of the ingredi- 
ents in mixed metals. He constructed a glass thermo- 
meter, which contained water or air; and in 1597 he 
invented his geometrical and military compass, of which 
he published a description at Padua in 1606. In April 
or May 1609, when he was on a visit to Venice, he was 
accidentally informed that a Dutchman, of the name of 
Jansens, had invented an instrument through which dis- 
tant objects had the same apeceaee as if they were 
brought near the eye. ileo reflected deeply on the 
subject of this contrivance, and, from his thorough know- 
ledge of the properties of lenses, he was soon enabled not 
only to discover the principle of its construction, but 
to complete one of the instruments for hisown use. He 
immediately applied his telescope to the heavens, and 
k 
