GAL 
city, atown of Italy,.in the kingdom of Naples, and 
province of Otranto, is built upoma rock connected. with 
the continent by a Jong bridge. It is situated at the 
heel of the boot, at the very extremity, of the king , 
Lhe town, which» is well built, is hollowed out below 
intorsubterraneous: vaults for containing the oil, which 
forms the’staple tradeof this town, , The country near 
-Gallipoli furnishes: enough of corn, wine) and fruits, 
-for the consumptiénof the inhabitants ; and muslin. and 
other articles are. manufactured out of a species of 
cotton, which is raised. ‘The duty, of, export, upon 
the oil is fully 40\per cent, as the king receives five car- — 
-lins of oilout of every last, which consists of 12 or 13 
 carlins. The oil,;;when placed in the subterraneous vaults 
already mentioned, is purified and bettered, in, its qua- 
lity by fermentation, which is, occasioned during sum- 
-mer; but this produces in these vaults.a» heat; which is 
-almost unsupportable. In the year 1766, there,was ex- 
ported from Gallipoli to the other parts of the kingdom, 
» 1895 lasts of oil, and outiof the kingdom 17,328 lasts; be- 
- sides 43' cantari of nn cotton, and 247 cantari of cot- 
ton wrought indifferent ways. Briganti reckons the 
average ‘export of oil at 993,804, Neapolitan ducats. 
Rogaine 8,000. East Long, 15° 58’, North Lat. 
40° 29’. air ‘to 
GALLIPOLI, is the name of a seaport town of Tur- 
‘key, in the province of Romania. It is situated on the 
»Sea' of Marmora, on a peninsula which has two har- 
bours, one on the south and the other on the north, 
The Bazar is a fine edifice, with several domes covered 
with lead. The adjacent territory abounds in, grain, 
wines, ‘fruits, and particularly, in excellent melons. 
There is plenty of deer, hares, patridges, and ducks. 
The cotton collected in the neighbourhood is inferior 
‘to that which comes from Smyrna and Salonica... Wool 
-of different kinds, and excellent wax; brought from 
the different countries on the Black Sea, are shipped 
sin the harbour of Gallipoli. Population about. 10,000 
Turks, 3,500, Christians, and a smaller number of Jews. 
East Long, 26° 37/30", and North Lat. 40° 25’ 33”. 
GALLON. See Measures. 
GALLOWAY, the name of a district in Scotland, 
-comprehending the shires of Kirnxcupsricut and Wic- 
TON, which see. 
GALVANI, Lewis, .a physician and physiologist, 
whose name has obtained a very unusual degree of cele- 
brity, in consequence of his having discovered the rudi- 
ments of a new branch of science, which was called after 
him, Galvanism. The history of this discovery will be 
detailed in the following article; at present we shall con- 
-fine ourselves entirely to the biographical events of his 
dife,, He was born at Bologna in 1737, and was'a mem- 
ber of a respectable family in that city, several of whom 
had distinguished themselves in the exercise of the pro- 
fessions of law.and divinity. From his early youth he 
-appears to have been of a serious and devout turn of 
mind, and it is said that he was so much attached to 
the discipline of the Romish church, as to have resol- 
ved to enter into one of the monastic orders. He was, 
however, dissuaded from this resolution, and. he enga- 
ged in the study of medicine, and the collateral branches 
of natural philosophy. In the course of his education, 
‘he. became a domestic pupil of Professor Galeazzi, and 
-he'so endeared himself to the family by his amiable 
disposition, that he formed a matrimonial connection 
with the professor’s daughter. This lady seems, from 
all accounts, to have been. distinguished both for her 
wirtues and her talents ; Galvani’ bore the tenderest re« 
78 
Gallipoli. } GALLIPOLI, from xarros beautiful, and gods5\ a 
JIGAAOL 
gard for her; and when in the year"1790. sh 
after a long series.of ill health, it threw him into a 
state of ncholy from which he scarcely afterwards ~ 
recovered. It appears that the discovery, which gave 
so much celebrity to his name, was, in some measure, 
due to the sagacity of Madam Galvani, for the original 
phenomena were noticed by her in the absence of the 
Rroteseae: and were reported to him as something that 
leserved his particular attention. Paget oe 
, In,the year 1762, he took his medical degree at Bo- 
logna, and wrote a thesis on the subject of the bones, 
shortly after which he was appointed a public lecturer 
both in the University and in the Institute of that city. 
He is said to have been particularly happy in his man. 
ner of lecturing, and to have acquired a high reputa- 
tion asa diligent cultivator of the science of comparative 
anatomy. His reputation in. these departments was, 
however, confined to his native country, and he was little 
-known to the rest of Europe, when in the year 1792 he 
“published a work which immediately brought him into 
general notice, It was, entitled, 4A Commentary on the 
Pomers of Electricily.in Musculan Motion ; it contained 
an account of his discoveries on the effects of electricity 
dn producing the contraction of the muscular fibre, and 
the hypothesis which he adopted to explain its action. 
His opinion, that the electricity in these cases was) in- 
herent.in the animal ,body, and was excited. without 
the aid of any external, cause, is now generally thought 
to, be incorrect, and, indeed. the discoveries, that, have 
‘been since made have so extended the science, ,that:the 
original treatise can) now ,be. regarded, as. valuable, 
merely because it presents the, first sketch of those facts, 
which have been. since developed |in, so surprising 'a 
‘manner. q 
Galvani’s_ philosophical. pursuits do. not appear to 
have engrossed all his time, for he continued to exercise 
his duties both as a public lecturer and a medical prac- 
titioner, with great! assiduity ; he also devoted a por- 
tion of his leisure to the society and, correspondence of 
literary men, in which he appears to have taken much 
interest. His domestic happiness, ‘as we have related 
above, received a very’ severe shock from the death of 
his wife, and he was afterwards called upon to exercise 
his fortitude in a different way, when he manifested a 
degree of, firmness, which. must be regarded as highly 
sing bel even althongh we may conceive it to 
ve been carried beyond the necessary limits... In the 
new division of Italy, which took place after the con- 
quests of the French, the city of Bologna was included 
in the Cisalpine Republic ; and all the public function- 
aries were required to take the oath of allegiance to the 
new government... This, however, he refused, as is s 
ie in consequence of the irreligious character of na 
principal leaders in France at that time, and he was ac- 
cordingly stripped of his offices and emoluments. In this 
emergency, much dejected in his spirits, and probably 
reduced to a state of pecuniary embarrassment, he was 
received into the house of a near relation, and fell into 
a state of extreme weakness. Upon these circumstances 
being made known to the government, they shpens to 
have felt a degree of regret, for their harsh behaviour 
towards a man, who had so many claims to) respect, 
both from his: private virtues and his public labours, 
and a decree was passed for restoring him to his ho- 
nours and emoluments. But his frame was too much ~ 
exhausted to derive any benefit from this favourable — 
change in his prospects, and he died towards the con- © 
clusion of the year 1798, in the 61st year of his age. 
See Eloge de Galvani, par Alibert...(«) sil 
Sp Olas 
