GAR 
» inthe same period, was 471,503 rupees, of which on] 
85538 eee es to places beyond the Madras tetrite. 
ries, viz. 3157 to Coleutta, and 5396 Arcot rupees to 
Botany Bay. | Distance from Calcutta 372 miles; from 
Madras 650. East Long. 85° 18’ 15’, North Lat. 19° 
22! 30'',, according to astronomical observations. See 
Hamilton's East India Gazetteer ; Milburn’s Oriental 
Commerce ; and Peuchet’s Dictionary. | 
GARD, the name of one of ‘the departments of 
France, in the province of Languedoc, formed out of 
the dioceses of Alais, Uzes, and Nimes. It is bounded 
on the north by the department of Ardeche, on the 
west by those of Lozere, Aveyron, and Herault; on 
the south by the sea ; and on the east by those of the 
Bouches du Rhone, and Vaucluse. — 
~ The terri of this department, though mountain~ 
ous, is ery fertile) It contains many rich meadows, 
and produces grain of all kinds, wines, olives, silk, 
ime, » and coal. ey brace of St ~_ have the 
greatest reputation. It also mines of co’ , iron, 
and other in It is bounded by the Rhone on 
one side, and is watered by the Gardon, which passes 
below the Pont du Gard, a splendid specimen of Roman 
architecture. It is an mpeiee: bridge of 49 arches, 
which crosses a valley not less than 160 feet deep. The 
forests occupy from 47 to 48 thousand hectares, or about 
93,000 acres. More than a third of them belong to in- 
dividuals, the greater part of the remainder to the com- 
maunes, and the rest to the nation. The contributions 
in the year 1803, were 2,866,398 frances. The princi- 
pal towns are 
Population. 
Neriears 2 orcad] Jered 00s - 89,300 
Allgis> ear oa. eral) 38,047 
-Uzes». . ay era gh ijl Gi 
Lhe Vadined ‘cys) é » . 3,848 
The population of the department is 309,052. See 
France, p. 676. ; 
-. GARDENING is a very general term, being em- 
La pig ignify both the /aying-out of pleasure grounds, 
and the cultivating of fruit-trees, culinary herbs, and 
: pombe To mes ormer bon belong the considera- 
tion of the aspect und, and the capa- 
bilities of the entire place, the iesibiae often availing 
himself of hills, rivers, or forests, beyond the boundaries 
of the domain immediately under his power ; the situ- 
ation and extent of woods, groves, and clumps; the 
graces grouping of trees, and the characteristics of the 
ifferent kinds; likewise the management of ornamen- 
tal water, either in the form of rivers or brooks, with 
waterfalls and bridges; or as lakes, with islands and 
fountains; also of rocks and ruins; and, lastly, the man- 
sion-house and offices, it being evident that the house 
and the grounds must in character, or be mutu- 
ally adapted to each other. To the latter belong the 
formation and culture of the garden, properly so called, 
including the cultivation oft fruit-trees, as standards, 
espaliers, or wall-trees, of kitchen vegetables, and of 
ornamental plants, with a number of subordinate ope- 
rations, such as the management of forcing-houses, hot- 
bed frames, hot-houses, conservatories, and green- 
houses. The former branch is properly denominated 
Lan pscAPE-GaRDENING, and the hatter Horricutture; 
and under these titles we purpose totreat of them. The 
raising of forest-trees_in nurseries, and the general or- 
'. dering of woods, and Ss, are subjects connected 
_with gardening, which shall receive due attention in a 
109 
ogbeoasans part of our work. An account of the mode Garmoatl 
ta 
GAR 
of establishing orchards, and of managing them, with 
descriptions of the best orchard fruits, may be expected 
under the word Orcuarn. 
GARMOUTH, or Garmacn; is a seaport town of 
Scotland, in the county of Moray, situated at the mouth 
of the river Spey. The houses are + esp te built of 
clay, but the streets are regular, and the appearance of 
the place is respectable. From the great rapidity of 
the Spey, the tide does not run above'half a mile up 
the river, and hence the harbour is oftert choked up by 
the gravel which is brought down by the rapidity of 
the Spey. At neap tides, the ordinary depth of water 
is from 8 to:9} feet. Ships of 400 tons can enter and 
leave the harbour without any inconvenience. The 
principal trade of Garmouth consists of wood and sal- 
mon. The wood, which is cut on the property of the 
Duke of Gordon, Sir James Grant, and Mr Grant of 
Rothiemurchus, are floated down the Spey in’ rafts to 
a extent, and is shipped at Garmouth, partly for 
Hull, and partly for Deptford and Woolwich. The 
wooed, which is of the very best quality, is often cut 
into planks where it grows, There are two sawmills 
at Garmouth: One of these, driven by wind, works 
about 40 saws ; and the other, which is impelled by 
water, works from 30 to 36.saws. Vessels from 50 to 
500 tons have been built here, entirely of homegrown 
wood, Several sloops are employed in conveying sal. 
mon to London during the fishing season. There is 
a fall of 60 feet in the Spey, from Gordon Castle to 
Garmouth. Inhabited’ houses 304. | Population 1200. 
West Long. 3°, North Lat. 57° 39’. 
GARNET. See Mineratoey. 
GARONNE, Hicuer, the name of a department of 
France, in Languedoc, formed out of the dioceses of 
Toulouse, Rieux, and Comminges. It is bounded on 
the north by the department of the Lot, on the west 
by those of Gers and the Higher Pyrenees, on the 
south by the Pyrenees, and on the east by the depart~ 
ments of Arriege, Aude, and Tarn. 
The soil of this d ent is fertile in vines, grains, 
and pasturage; and it contains large forests, with quar- 
ries of marble and mineral springs. The river Garonne 
pee through the very middle of the department, The 
orests occupy 48,940 hectares, or about 95° or 96 
thousand acres. Half of them belong to the communes, 
‘and the rest to the nation. The contributions in 1803 
were 4,554,341 frances. The principal towns are 
Population. : 
Toalatwe! st A". Fe - 50,171 
Castel Sarazin 7,000 
St Gaudens . . sth bore THSS 
Mares” Oss MSA S Ge tOVat 
Villefranche .-. . . 2,035 
The population of the whole department is 432,263. 
See France, p. 676; and Tovrouse. 
GARRICK, Davin, ‘the célebrated English come 
dian, was born in the city of Hereford, and 
the 20th of Feb 1716. His grandfather was a 
French merchant, who, on the revocation of the edict 
of Nantz, fled to England with other Protestants, and 
settled in London. His father, Peter Garrick, ebtained 
a captain’s commission in the army, and married a 
daughter of the Rev. Mr Clough, one of the vicars in 
Litchfield cathedral. Soon after that time, it appears 
that Captain Garrick sold his commission, and retiyed 
tized’on ~ 
ck. 
