— 5° and 16° West | 
GEORGIA. 
- - GEORGIA, one of thé United States of America, is 
§ GgunS Peta bon BU olin AOE MONIT Lat: tnd Berveen 
Long. } extending in length about 
: and bounded on the 
the south by the East 
600 miles, and in breadth 250 
east by the Atlanti¢ ocean, on t Ea 
and West Floridas,{towards the west by the river Missis- 
sippi, and on the north and north-east by South Caro- 
a; by the Tennessee State, or by lands ceded to the 
United States by South Carolina. The face of the coun+ 
‘y is various. That portion of its eastern “division 
tics lies in’ one ion between the rivers Savannalt 
and St Mary’s, in the other between the mountains and 
~ the ocean,‘ a tract of territory which, from north to 
south, is upwards of 120 miles, and from east to west 
not less than 40 or 50, ‘is oat level, without a hill 
or stone. Farther to the westward, the lands begin to be 
more or less uneven; from ridges that rise gradually 
One above another, swelling progressively into hills, 
and thence finally terminating in mountains. The vast 
chain of the Alleghany or Appalachian mountains, 
which commences at Katts Kill, near Hudson’s river, 
in the’state of New York, terminates here about 60 
miles south of the northern boundary, while ; from the 
point where it ends, there spreads a widely extended 
plain, of the richest soil, in a latitude and climate fa- 
vourably adapted to the ‘culture even of most of the 
East India productions, or of those of the south of Ea- 
rope. The winters in this country are mild and plea- 
sant ; snow is seldom er never seen, nor does -it often 
happen that frosts prove injurious to the vegetation. In 
tHe flat country the air is rather confined, and being of- 
ten. contaminated by’ putrid vapours from the rice 
_ swamps, is comparatively less healthful than among the 
hills ; and spring water is scarce. From June to Sep- 
tember, the mercury in Fahrenheit’s thermometer fluctu- 
ates here between 76° and 90°, and in winter between 
40° and 60°. The most prevalent winds are the south, 
west and the eastern, and in winter the north-west. 
The east wind is warmest in winter, and'coolest in sum- 
mer. : 
Georgia is abundantly watered by numerous rivers, 
as well as smaller streams, which intersect it in ever 
direction. The Savannah forms a part of the bound- 
ing line by which this state is separated from South Ca- 
tolma. It is formed principally of two branches, the 
Tugulo and Keowee, which haye their origin in the 
Mountains. It is navigable for large vessels up to the 
town of the same name, and for boats of 100 feet keel 
as far as Augusta., There is a fall just above this place, 
Beyond which it is farther ible for boats to the 
mouth of the Tugulo. Tybeebar, at the entrance of the 
river, in latitude 31° 57’, has at half tide a depth of 16 
feet water, The Alalamaka and Ogeechee rivers have 
_, their course nearly parallel to the Savannah. 
_ Besides these, with the several waters tributary to 
them, there are the Turtle River, Little Sitilla, Great, 
Sitilla, Crooked River, and St Mary’s, which last forms 
one of the southern boundary of the United States, 
md is navigable for vessels of considerable burden for 
90 miles. On the west, it is washed by the Mississip- 
_pi, which it from Louisiana. Of rivers which 
fall into the .Galf of Mexico, there are the Pearl, the 
‘Pascagoula, the Alibama, the Tombegbee or Mobile, 
the Escambia, the Chatahouchee, with the Apalachi- 
cola, and the Flint rivers. The northern part of the 
state is watered by the Tennessee, Bend, and the Chuc- 
camaga. All these rivers abound with various sorts of 
fish, among which are rock, mullet, whiting, shad, trout, 
drum, bap, cat-fish, brim, and sturgeon ; and the bays 
VOL. X. PART I, 
941 
and lakes afford oysters and other shell-fish. The chief 
lake or marsh in the state is Ekanfanoka, which is 800 
miles in citcumference. __ 
' The whole of the sea coast of Georgia is bordered 
Georgia 
in America. 
Islands and 
with islands, through the medium of which there is °° 
constituted a sort of inland navigation, extending with 
but few interruptions from the river Savannah to St 
Mary’s. ‘The principal of these islands are Skedaway, 
Wassaw, Ossabaw, St Catharine’s, Sassels, Frederica, 
Jeky), Cumberland, and Amelia. 
. The soil of Georgia, and the degrees of its fertility, 
vary according to situation, and the differences that 
have taken place as to the manner or the extent of its 
improvement. The islands just mentioned are, in their 
natural state, covered with a plentiful: growth of pine, 
oak, ‘hiccory, live oak, and some red cedar.- The soil 
is grey, formed by a mixture of sand and black mould, 
A considerable part of it, that particularly on which are 
chiefly found the oak, hiccory, and live oak, is very fer- 
tile, and yields on cultivation good crops of indigo, 
corn, cotton, and potatoes. The soil of the main land 
adjoining to the marshes and .creeks, is nearly of the 
same quality with that of the islands. The portion of 
it which borders ‘on the creeks and rivers, forms the 
chief exception, being the ground which furnishes the 
valuable rice swamps. These begin immediately upon 
the termination of the salts, and lie most of them.on 
rivers, which, as‘far as the tide flows, are called tide 
lands, or on creeks and particular branches of water, 
owing in some deeper or lower parts of the Jands, 
which are called inland swamps, and extend back in the 
country from 15 to 25 miles, beyond which, for the 
most part, little rice is planted, hose lands immedi- 
ately adjoining to the rivers are nearly level, continuing 
so in a breadth from two to three or four miles, for the 
space, in a direct line from the sea, of not less than 100 
miles. In this distance, wherever a piece of high land 
extends to the bank of the river on one side, there may 
almost invariably be expected, on the other, a low or 
swampy ground of proportionable width. The interme- 
diate lands, which are covered chiefly with pine, and a 
sort of wild grass and small reeds, afford a large range 
of feeding ground, both summer and winter. The oak 
and hiccory ranges that are interspersed, and which are 
of enperior quality, yield, when cultivated, good crops 
of corn; indigo, or other valuable produce. At a dis- 
tance from the sea, the soil changes from grey to réd ; 
in some places it is gravelly but fertile; and farther 
back into the country’ its tint is gradually deepened, 
till it becomes what, is called the maglatto soil, ¢on- 
sisting of a black mould and_red earth. This sort of. 
land is generally strong, and affords abundant. crops 
of wheat, tobacco, corn, &c. It is succeeded in its 
turn ‘by .a soil that is. nearly, black, and very rich, 
and on which there grow large quantities of black 
walnut and mulberry. This sort of succession in the 
different soils which occur in. the state, is throughout 
pretty regular arid uniform. * They stretch in the same 
order, in lines nearly parallel with the sea coast, not 
only’ across this state, but all along northwards, as 
far even as to Hudson’s river. The staple commodi- 
ty of Georgia is its rice. .. It yields also small quantities 
of indigo, cotton, and silk, besides Indian corn, potatoes, 
oranges, figs, pomegranates, with other useful grains or 
fruits. The forests afford an abundant supply of fine 
timber, consisting chiefly of oak, hiccory, mulberry, 
pine, and cedar. 
The manufactures of Georgia have not hitherto been 
very considerable. The people in the lower part of the 
2un 
Soil and 
agriculture. 
Produc- 
tions. 
Manufac- 
tures. 
