GERMANY. 
cept in Mecklenburg, East Friesland, Oldenburg, 
Holstein, and some parts of Hanover and Wurtem- 
oe ig very indifferent. The best breeds of oxen are 
in Friesland, Oldenburg, and Holstein ; but both 
they and the sheep are by no means sufficiently nume- 
rous; of thé latter, the number is reckoned not to ex- * 
ceed 1$ or 14 millions.. The Merino breed has been 
introduced into Saxony. upwards of a century, and now 
produces wool equal in. quality to the finest Spanish ; 
this breed is also naturalized in Prussia, but in general 
the sheep and wool of Germany are indifferent. The 
breed of hogs is much neglected ; that of goats is en- 
cour: in the mountainous districts. The forests 
are plentifully supplied with wild boars, which are 
reared to a large size. Westphalia is particularly no- 
ted for this species of game. Poultry is abundant. 
Some parts of Germany are remarkable for fine larks 
and thrushes of a delicious flavour. Others abound 
in singing birds, particularly Canary birds and gold- 
finches. Silk worms are reared in some of the 
southern districts. On the whole, agriculture is not 
in a very advanced state, except in Saxony, which, in 
every respect, is one of the finest parts of Germany. In 
the more mountainous parts, the lynx is still found ; 
and in the Tyrolese vo wolves are by no means un- 
common, The only fisheries of Germany, with the 
exception of those carried on by the small towns on the 
Baltic and German Ocean, are those of the rivers, in 
some of which, besides the more common fish, the stur- 
geon is found. ‘ 
Small particles of gold are found in the Rhine, the 
Danube, the Elbe, &c. ; in most other mineral produc- 
tions this country is very rich. The chain of hills be- 
tween Saxony and Bohemia yields silver, copper, tin, 
lead, iron, cobalt, bismuth, &c. ; most of these metals 
are also found in the Hartz mountains. Bavaria has 
mines of silver, copper, and lead, and is noted for its 
salt springs. There are also extensive salt works near 
Halle ; and salt mines near Saltzburg.. The iron of 
Carinthia and Stiria is particularly famous, as convert- 
able to the finest steel. The quicksilver mines of Idria 
are also very productive, and of great fame. Besides 
the rarer and more valuable stones, Germany possesses 
large quarries of curious marble, and excellent mill and 
burr stones. In Misnia are found various sorts of fine 
earth, such as tripoli and poréelain earth, fullers’ earth, 
&c. ‘There are some coal mines, particularly in West- 
phalia, and abundance of peat mosses. ; 
The manufactures are very various: pearl ashes and 
pitch are made in various Linens aré made in 
almost every part ; but principally in Austria, Saxony, 
Lusatia, and Silesia; the cotton manufacture is esta- 
blishing itself in Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. Wool- 
len manufactures are spread throughout the empire, but 
with the exception of the cloths of Silesia, chiefly of 
the coarser kind. The silk manufacture was establish- 
ed in Brandenburg, by the refugees driven from 
France, at the time of the revocation of the edict of 
Nantz ; silk is also manufactured in Austria and Saxo- 
ny. There are many iron works at Nuremberg, and 
in Silesia, Saxony, and Holstein ; here also are copper: 
works, The porcelain of Saxony is still good, though. 
not so famed as formerly. 
‘The Crem al sea ports of Germany are Hamburg, 
Kiel, Lu a Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Stettin, 
Embden, and Bremen ; its inland towns of great trade. 
are oo ghee 4 Leipsic, Naumburg, Francfort on the 
Mayne, Francfo 
' rt ori the Oder, Vienna, Augsburg, Nu-. 
__ Femberg, Breslaw, and Ulm. The eincpal articles of 
255 
exportation are timber, corn, fruit, wine, tobacco, mad- 
der, cobalt, smalts, potash, horses, oxen, salt and smoked 
meat, butter, cheese, wax, leather, wool, linen cloth to 
a very large amount, linen yarn, lace, lead, copper, 
brass, quicksilver, mirrors, glass, wooden toys, and 
trinkets. It imports corn, oxen, and horses, chiefly from 
Hungary, Poland, and Denmark; hogs from Hunga- 
ry; butter from Ireland and Holland; all sorts of co- 
lonial produce, cotton stuffs, hardware, &c. It-carries 
on a lucrative trade by means of the Danube, with’ Eu- 
ropean Turkey, whence it imports an immense quantity 
of raw cotton. 
Germany, 
Gerona. 
—— 
The Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and reformed reli- Religion; 
gions, are established in Germany ; but all other sects language, 
are tolerated. The German language is derived from *"4 
the Gothic: it is strong, copious, abounding in com- 
pound words, but rough in the sound, and involved in 
the syntax; the purest dialect is that of Saxony; the 
least pure is spoken in the southern provinces. It has 
been much studied of late years, in the others parts of 
Europe. The literature of Germany, till lately, was 
more distinguished by erudition than by taste or geni- 
us ; and even yet, the history of literature and statis- 
tics are more cultivated in Germany than elsewhere. 
There are upwards of 30 universities, some of which 
are of great repute ; particularly those of Jena, Leipsic, 
Gottingen, &c. The most distinguished of its learned 
societies are at Vienna, Berlin, Gottingen, Manheim, 
&e. - 
litera- 
Before the peace of Luneville in 1801, the popula- Population, 
tion of Germany was rated at 27 millions ; by the ces- 
sion of the country situated on the left shore of the 
Rhine, it lost 3,700,000 inhabitants ; but as most of 
that territory is restored, its present population may be 
reckoned at nearly 27 millions. 
«* The German people, from the earliest times; have Character of 
borne a = character for bravery, and the masculine the Ger- 
qualities o 
open, but inclined to be boastful and boisterous. They 
are indefatigable in their pursuits, and engage in them 
with a seriousness and sense of importance, which not: 
unfrequently lead them to laborious trifling.” 
Tacitus, de Moribus Germanorum. 
Nouvel Abregé Chronologique de l Histoire et deo 
Droit public d Allemagne, par M. Pfeftel. 
Dr Robertson’s view of the progress of Society in 
Europe, prefixed to his History of Charles V. 
De la Sisie Hanseatique, par M. Mallet, 1805. 
Tableau des Revolutions de 0 Europe dans le moyen age, 
par M. Koch, 1790. , 
Dornford’s translation of Putter’s Historical develope- 
ment of the Constitution of the Germanic Empire, 1790. 
Histoire des Allemands, traduite de l’ Allemand de 
Smidt, par Le Veaux, 1784. 
Butler’s Revolutions of the Germanic Empire: 
Reisbeck’s Travels in Germany. 
Reise in Deutshland, von Nicolai. (w. s.) 
GERMINATION. See Borany. 
GERONA, the Gerunda of the ancients, is a town of 
Spain,.in the province of Catalonia, situated on both 
sides of the Ter, on the side and at the base of a st 
mountain. It is encircled with good walls, flanked 
with fortifications, and is defended by two forts erected 
upon the mountain. Gerona is nearly of a triangular 
shape, and the houses are-well built, though the streets 
are crowded and narrow. The principal public build- 
ings are the cathedral and collegiate churches. The 
cathedral stands on the ridge of the mountain. It ex 
the mind. They are in general frank and ™*"* 
Authorities, 
