cia Ph soe. 
V. instituted. a commission for clearin 4 
e- 
_ GLUE, is a tenacious cement, principally used by 
cabinet-makees, joiners, book-binders, case-makers, and 
_ The substances from which glue is made, are the 
ds or parings of hides ; the ears before they are 
ersed in the tanner’s vats ; the cuttings and rasp- 
; of horn, from the comb-maker, the button- 
maker, and the horn lanthorn-maker ; and the hoofs 
and horns of oxen, calves, and sheep from the butcher ; 
fhe pelts of the hare, rabbit, beaver, &c. from the 
makers, beaver-cutters; and furriers ; and the 
rings of vellum and parchment from the white leather 
dresser, glover, &c. 
lish me- | These substances are indiscriminate] 
dof ma- ther, and are purified from all grease and dirt by diges- 
glue. tion in lime water, the test care being taken to re- 
move every. piece that is in the slightest d u~ 
trescent. The materials are next steeped and washed 
in clean water, with frequent stirring, and are after- 
wards laid in heaps, and the water pressed out. They 
are then boiled in a large brass kettle with clear water, 
the fat and dirt being constantly skimmed off as they 
rise, and when the whole is dissolved, a little melted 
alum or finely powdered lime is added. After the 
skimming has been continued for some time, the whole 
is strained through baskets, and suffered to settle, in 
order that the remaining impurities may subside, and 
the fat rise to the top, The impurities and fat being re- 
_: it is then returned into a clean kettle, and suf- 
a second evaporation and skimming. When it ac- 
quires a clear darkish brown colour, and a sufficient 
consistence, which is known by the appearances during 
ebullition, it is lifted out by a scoop, into frames or 
moulds, about six feet long, one foot broad, and two 
deep, where it is allowed to cool gradually. It is then 
cut by a spade into square cakes, and each of these is 
afterwards divided into three pieces, by an instrument 
_ like.a bow, having a brass wire for its string. The 
pieces thus cut are dried in the open air, on a kind of 
net-work, (generally old herring nets,) fastened in 
moveable sheds of four feet square, each containing six 
or eight rows of net-work. When the glue is dry, each 
piece is rubbed gently with a wet cloth, to give it that 
glazed a ce which the Loridon glue always 
ed carefully 
sesses. The different pieces are then pack 
up in separate rows in barrels or hogsheads, and are 
ready for sale. 
best gee swells considerably, without melting, 
by three or four days immersion in cold water, and re- 
covers its dimensions and properties by drying. When 
ue looks thick and black, or has got frost in the dry- 
ing, it should be melted over again with a sufficient 
quantity of fresh glue. - Good glue is distinguished by 
its haying a strong black colour, and by being free of 
cloudy and black spots, when held between the eye 
and the light. ' ns 
; In France, glue is made from whole skins, which, 
when fresh, are steeped 24 hours in large tubs ; but a 
longer time when they dry, They are then placed upon 
hand barrows, formed of strong basket work, to allow 
the water to drain off, and are afterwards well washed 
m a running stream, where they are shaken in baskets 
VOL, X, PART 1, 
4 
829 
mixed toge-— 
GOA 
with a long toothed rake, till the water runs through Glue 
them quite clear. The materials are now steeped in ol 
0a. 
weak lime water, the liquor being refreshed every 15 
days with a bucket of fresh lime water, and the skins _ 
being occasionally turned. By this process, the grease tench me- 
is'vemoved, and the skins converted nearly into the state hea oon 
of parchment. The parts of the materials that still re- “"* _ 
tain the hair, require a stronger lime water. Theskins 
are again steeped and drained in hand barrows, and 
sometimes the water is squeezed out of them by a press. 
The skins are now thrown into the kettle, which has 
sometimes stones at its bottom, and sometimes a wood- 
en grate to prevent the skins from sticking to it. The 
boiling is carried on very cautiously and gradually, and 
the evaporation is known to have been sufficiently great 
by dropping a little upon a plate, and finding it of the 
proper tenacity. The glue, when hot, is then filtered 
through a of long straw, into a tub, the operation 
being performed in a warm place, in order to prevent 
the glue from congealing. In this tub: the glue is left 
to refine for two or three hours, and when still fluid it 
is run off by - cocks, at different heights, into wet 
wooden boxes, where it congeals. ‘The glue which flows 
from the different stop cocks, has different degrees of 
fineness, the uppermost being the purest. After lyi 
24 howrs in the boxes, the cakes aretaken out, divided, 
dried, and packed up for sale. 
Glue has also been successfully ae cole from the Glue from 
bones of animals. Parmentier found that 6 pounds of bone 
buttonmaker’s raspings yielded a pound of glue not 
inferior to the English glue. Glue from ivory was less 
transparent. See Annales de Chimie, vol. xii. p. 292. 
GLUTEN. See Cuemistry, p. 113. 
GMELIN. See Borany, History of, p. 20,22, 26, 31. 
GNEISS. See Mineratoey. 
GNOMON. See Astronomy, p. 720. and Dratiinas 
abyss See Eccrestastican History, p. 
307. 
GOA, the principal Portuguese settlement in the 
East Indies, is situated in 15° 28’ North Latitude, and 
72° 45’ East Longitude; and is built upon an island, 
called by the natives Tissoari, about 25 or 30 miles in 
circumference. This island is separated from the con- 
tinent by a navigable river, about three miles broad at 
its widest part; and, though generally barren and hilly, 
it contains many level and fertile spots. At the en- 
trance of the harbour is the new city of Goa, where 
the viceroy and principal Portuguese inhabitants re- 
side, and is defended by several fortresses, Lychee 
one called the Alguarda, which stands close to the 
shore, and is so’ situated that every ship sailing up the 
river muSt pass near its walls. About eight miles be- 
yond this castle, is the old city of Goa, the seat of the 
inquisition, and the residence of the ecclesiastics, built 
in the form of an amphitheatre on several eminences, 
and almost surrounded by hills, finely clothed with 
wood. The harbour is a noble basin, presenting on 
every side the richest and most magnificent scenery. 
The city of Goa was first taken from the Hindoo Ra- 
jahs by the Bhamenee sovereigns of the Deecan, about 
the year 1469; and was reduced under the power of 
the Posed tices by the celebrated Albuquerque in the 
year 1510. It soon became the most flourishing Euro- 
pean settlement in India, but the Portuguese never 
possessed any considerable extent of territory in its vi- 
cinity. Its walls inclosed a compass of nearly twelve 
miles ; and few cities in India or Europe were better 
built, or more strongly defended. (It was crowded with 
monasteries ; and at one time, not less than 30,000 ec- 
clesiastics ate said to have resided within its district. 
These, however, soon began to apply themselves more 
27 
