al well as for definition. Thus Hume says of Charles V. 
“© At last the emperor, ing a ge combination. 
against him, was willing to abate somewhat of his ri- 
ve BNe formerly observed that the indicative mood of a 
verb might be resolved into the participle with the co- 
la: that “he walks” might be resolved into “ he is 
walking.” And we have now remarked that the par- 
le may be resolved into the indicative mood in- 
uced by the relative; that “ a man walking” might 
be resolved into ‘a man who walks.” The indicative 
is of earlier origin, and therefore less complex than the 
participle. The participle is an ulterior accommoda- 
in language, though, when once contrived, it has 
some res no greater complexity than an adjec- 
tive, or the genitive case of a noun. 
4 Participles are varied in their form and meaning, as 
they often express something more than the subjunc- 
tion, of the general meaning of a verb to that of a noun. 
They are employed to express time, and also to give ei- 
ther an active or passive to the object ex- 
pressed by the noun. 
There are in most two participles, one of 
which has been called the present participle active, 
and the other the perfect peruss le passive. The for- 
mer is distinguished in English by the termination 
“ing :” the latter, sometimes by a in the vowel 
"2 e verb, but most frequently by the termination 
¢ ¢ ” 
The participle in “ ing,” however, is often used 
without any implication of tense, and therefore may 
be applied to the past or the future, as well as the pre- 
sent. When we say “ Yesterday, the public attention 
was excited by an aeronaut ascending ;” if the word 
* ascending” were necessarily present, it would con- 
tradict the expression of past time contained in the 
verb “ was.” Grammarians avoid that absurdity by 
observing that the act was present at the time express- 
ed by the verb, and therefore may be mentioned in the 
present tense, as the principal verb of the sentence 
ives its own tense to all the subordinate words. But 
this statement will not apply, otherwise we might as 
well use the expression, “‘ The public attention was ex- 
‘cited by an aeronaut who ascends,” or “ who is as- 
cending.’”? And we might say, “ I thought that he 
ascends in a beautiful style.” These phrases would be 
condemned as not only chargeable with bad grammar, 
but with incongruity and absurdity. It is therefore 
necessary to allow that the participle in “ ing” is not 
restricted to any tense. 
_ This participle, though generally active, is not con- 
fined to that voice. It is passive in such phrases as 
the following. ‘The house is duilding.” “I sawa 
man carrying to prison.” “I heard of a plan forming 
for his rescue.” “A large sum of money is owing.” 
The French sometimes use the passive participle du 
on the same occasions on which the English use the 
word ** owing.” 
are not exclusivel ive. 
pas. The words “ Pe oleae “d d,” 4 fine) 
«© decayed,” ‘well behaved,” « drunk,” “ mistaken,” 
~~ action produces in the agent and not in an object acted 
GRAMMAR. 
-_— 
431 
Universal 
Grammar, 
3. Subjunction to Verbs or to Sentences, wy 
An assertion is sometimes “igh for the purpose Subjunction 
of being subjoined to a verb. is is for the moet ' verbs by 
part effected the interposition of the parts of speech ©” 
commonly called conjunctions, and which are to be con- 
sidered in the sequel under the name of sentential pre- 
positions, ; 
Some assertions introduced in this manner are sub- Meaning of 
joined to the verb by a regimen bearing an exact re- the general 
semblance to that of a noun governed in the accusative, S™onct’" 
The conjunction “ that” is indeed in 3 a word 
not expressive of any particular relation, but merely a 
general sign of subjunction. Its sole office in this ap- 
plication is to shew that the sentence which it introdu- 
ces is subjoined. It is ingeniously and justly consider- 
ed by Mr Tooke as the same word with the pronoun or 
adjective “ that.” Their identity of form is not the ef- 
fect of accident, which sometimes produces an ambi- 
guous coincidence in signs which are of different origin , 
and intended to perform totally different offices. This 
is merely an instance of a word single in its origin 
and. meaning, and applied on different occasions. It 
is in fact an adjective, agreeing with the sentence as 
a whole. In the sentence “I believe that he is come,” 
we take the subjoined part “he is come” as an ob- 
ject, and say with respect to it “ I believe that.” 
Hence it is in Latin quod, which is also the relative; or 
uti, or ut, which. Mr Tooke with great probability de- 
rives from the Greek word,7:. This last is closely 
connected in its etymology with the article 4, 4, ro, and 
the relative éc, 4, cy, and is in reality the neuter gender 
of éc. The circumstance of being made introducto 
to a sentence is a variety of application. Hence it 
is on some occasions of this sort subjected to a varia« 
tion in its form. When placed before a sentence, it 
is commonly called a conjunction, and thus is ranked 
along with some other words which have a similar 
destination. This form of subjunction is extremely fa+ 
miliar in all sorts of language, colloquial, historical, 
and poetical. <I hope that you are well.” “ The 
general saw dhat the enemy was too of ptr for an at- 
tack in the open field, and concluded that it would be 
more prudent to harass him by the well-timed opera- 
tions of partisans.” In our language the conjunction is 
sometimes dispensed with: as, ‘ I hope you are well.” 
All these instances, whether introduced by the word 
« that” or not, as well as the corresponding ones in La- 
tin and Greek, are placed in the same situation with a 
noun in the accusative. Thus in the following Latin 
phrases, the verbs dicit, vult, and timet, have the same 
regimen, Quid dicit ? Diciine nihil? Dicit quod sapis. 
Quid vult? Vult ut hue venias.—Quid timet ? Timet 
M thie made of sub performed b: 
This mode of subjunction is sometimes performed by gubjunction 
the infinitive of the me « T suppose him to be sin- p the inf. 
cere” is equall English with “ I suppose that he nitive. 
is sincere.” In Latin it is far more common. Dicit te 
sapere is more agreeable to common use than Dicit 
uod tu sapis, This interchange of phraseology will 
more particularly illustrated under the head of the 
infinitive mood, which will be delayed till we have fi- 
nished the consideration of some other parts of speech 
subservient to the same end. 
Sentences are also subjoined to verbs by the medium 
of conjunctions ‘signifying icular relations. Some 
of them express hypothetical representation, as “ if,” 
‘ suppose,’ “ provided ;” others causation, as “ be- 
