432 
a niversal cause,” since ;” others concession, as “ though,” “ grant- 
wy ing ;” others time, as “while,” « when,”’ “ after,” “ be- 
fore;” others alternation, as “‘ whether,” and. “ or,” (not 
the same application of the word “ or” which is made of 
vel in Latin, but one corresponding to the ‘Latin an.) 
These words, like the preposition, are interposed be-' 
twixt the verb and the words standing for the govern- 
ed object, and they express a specific relation of the 
one idea to the other. . They, bring along with them! 
various modifications of the form of the re which they 
introduce. These will come into view under the next 
head, the Subjunctive Mood, which has ‘received its 
name from the frequency with which it ‘is thus appli- 
ed. We shall naturally be led to inquire’ into its vari- 
ous forms and uses as compared with those of the indi- 
€ative, and thus trace the comparative adaptation of 
both to the purposes of subjunction. 
By particu- 
tar conjunc. 
tions. 
4, The Subjunctive Mood, and other Forms of the Verb 
allied to it. 
Tux moods of the verb are different in different lan-~ 
"The sub- ' . 
junctive guages, Sometimes a mood in one language com- 
mood va- prehends two or more of those in another. One of 
ried inits the most frequent is the subjunctive, such as it exists 
meaning» in the Greck, Latin, and French languages. ‘In the 
English it, is sometimes expressed as the indicative, 
sometimes by means of auxiliaries. The various ap- 
plications of it, and the variety of translations which 
its parts receive into English, as adapted to the occa- 
sions on which it is used, render it a matter of some 
interest to discover what properties are common to it 
on all occasions. It so happens that we have exactly 
that number of varieties of it in Latin which corres 
sponds to the number of the tenses in the indicative, 
and hence they have been distributed into tenses under 
the same names ; the present, the preter imperfect, the 
_ preter perfect, the pluperfect, and the future. 
‘The indica- “ "This mood has been called subjunctive from the cir- 
tive may be eumstance of its being used in assertions which are subs 
used sub-, «+ 3 ; 2 : 
junctively, Joined by the relative and by various conjunctions. But 
this office is not peculiar to this mood. It is sometimes 
performed by the indicative preceded by the relative or 
by some of the conjunctions, such as “ before,” “ af- 
ter,” “ when,” “ where,” “ while,” “ if,” and the words 
by which these are translated into other languages. On 
some occasions of subjunction the two moods are used 
indiscriminately ; Si hic adest, and Si hic adsit, are equi- 
Her We also say, Qui vinum amant, or, Qui vinum 
ament. 
And the It is equally true that the subjunctive mood is not 
subjunctive restricted to this office, but may with equal propriety 
indicatively. he on certain oceasions used indicatively, that is, for 
expressing the leading assertion in a sentence; as, Si 
cum hoste dimicdsset, rerusset In this instance, the 
subjunctive mood in Latin when used subjunctively 
is translated into the English indicative, “if he had 
__, fought with the enemy,” whereas that which conveys 
Peculiarity the assertion which is the ultimate object of the sen- 
ota hag tence, receives a peculiar translation by means of the 
que. auxiliaries “ would have :” periisset « he would have 
perished.” This is remarkable in most instances, 
though not in all, of the translations of Latin sub- 
junctives into English. ‘When used subjunctively, they 
are translated. by the English indicative ; when used 
indicatively, they are translated by a peculiar phrase- 
R ology. 
eal sub- 
juactives ‘hey are translated indicatively, when introduced by 
translated the words, qui, quoniam, cum, quanquam, si, etsi, quasi. 
indicatively, 
GRAMMAR ? a 
This takes place in all the tenses: si venias “ iffyou U 
come ;” si venires “ if you came” si veneris * if you have 
come ;” si venisses, “ if you had come ;” si veneris “ if. 
you shall come.” ‘ a 
are translated into English by 
+ On some occasions t 
peculiar auxiliaries. Ute or uf, and ne, are the words 
which chiefly give rise to a translation different from. 
the indicative in the subjunctive mood which they in- 
troduce, and this takes place only in the present and 
preter imperfect : ut eas “that you may go;” ut ires: 
« that you might go.” Yet uli appears to have originally 
been equally extensive in its meaning with the word 
“that,” by which it is translated, It is not merely 
applied to denote the purpose of. an-asserted event, 
but to intimate other forms of subjunction: as odisté — 
ut amas, “ you hate as you love; 2tveniebat “ashe 
came,” or “when he came.” Ué with the present and | 
preter imperfect subjunctive, (as ut amet and ut ama- 
vet) may be supposed to have been ori ie oe 
Spat > 1 
for any general subjunction, and 
have 
express subjunction of a purpose ; or, ut = ive 
been adopted for variety as a synonymous wi nin 
quod, ‘in order to introduce a more special phraseo 
by performing a certain department of the same office, 
Ut venias may originally signify “that you come,” 
and may be used as a noun in the'ablative. Qua causé 
hoc mihi divisti? Hac causé, utiterum venias. In Eng- 
lish, the same word “ that” by which is trans« 
lated is on such occasions used for translating ut, but 
the verbal expression is then varied by the introduction 
of the auxiliary “may.” The production of the effect 
is by the production of the . This is 
sufficiently natural, as the effect im the’ er. 
It is an accidental pleonastic idiom, probabl t 
for the sake of distinguishing this form of subjunction 
from the form of it expressed by the particle “ that” 
with the simple indicative. re 
The same observations apply to the introduction of 
the imperfect subjunctive in Latin, by means of the 
word wt. It gives the verb the same relation to the 
past which the former gives it to the present. It ex- 
sy purpose, and it is to be remarked that in 
h instances it renders the verb in the subjoined 
significant of something subsequent in order and 
intime. The tense called the yee subjunctive when 
introduced by ué is future, and the imperfect expresses 
something subsequent to a past event. q y 
The present and the future subjunctive are sometimes Latin: 
used imperatively: as, audiant meum sermonem, “let them iv 
hear my discourse ;”” doceas jilios sapientiam, “ teach Yi, 
your sons wisdom.” These have every appearance of 
being instances of ellipsis, in which obsecro or precor te 
ut is understood. The Italians often use the tnfinilive 
imperatively ; as non stringere la mia mano cost, “ not 
to (that is, «* do not grasp”) my hand so tight.” 
This part of the verb expresses the simple act, or a con- 
nection which may be subjoined to another part of | 
speech; and custom assigns to it the additional circum 
stances conveyed, as suited to the different occasions on 
which it is introduced, beta 2 
The future subjunctive is applied imperatively, most _ 
bly on the same princi as the future indica- 
tive, and it is often translated by that of the En 
lish verb ; as ne occideris, thou shalt not kill.”  T 
Latin phrase has however the additional advantage of 
being originally subjunctive, and thus possessing the 
same fitness to be used imperatively by ellipsis as the 
present tense of the same m 
Indi 
All these tenses are also occasionally used indicative. use: 
by au 
ries. 
