the gerund of: another verb in ‘the ablative. 
as will be tepresented by transeundo ; per by per/o- 
vando, or-permeando, TL ish»prepositioh. “ from” 
_ night, be represented: by:the: Latim gerund linquendo ; 
the Latin’ @,+ab, or abs, byoabeundo. «The preposi- 
_ » tions imply no such specification-.as:is signified by any 
» ofthe verbs, with which; ‘forsthe sake: of pointing 
‘out the properties of their syntax, we have here com- 
bined them. «)1t was necessary to make gerunds«by 
combining them with verbs, and thus appearing toladd 
to. the ideas which they express.rather than to explain 
them, because we have no. a exactly: corresponding 
to the simple preposition... The preposition itself is the 
gerund, hugh indeclinable, gris , vilesy abs» 
_ If the preposition «is introduced) by, the substantive 
verb. alone as: the first. word’ cf the. predicate, it: will 
‘ithe syntax of ‘a. participle agreeing with the 
nominative which precedes.» Sub will have:the regi- 
men) of subjacens or subjunctus.: In will approach to 
») the participle Aabilans.or. incliisus;. though smore. ge- 
 neral in the idea which ‘it conveysy «‘ Out.of,” when 
used in such a sentence as “He | is. out of town,” will 
“also have the power of a participle, though we cannot 
-. Mame any word in that form, to which, with respect to 
generality, it makes any approach. This. cannot -al- 
»»\ ways be expected. If the office of a preposition were 
to be performed with equal advantage by the gerund 
or participle of ‘a verb in. present, use, there would: be 
iapenncepapenieytio occasion for the prepositions them~ 
selves. 4 ; ieeresl? gets 
ulia- Here we trace the peculiarities of this part of speech. 
the It is usually more® general than any other to which it 
is allied. It is marked by a peculiar brevity, and by 
the absence of inflexion, Without the formality of sig- 
» nificant terminations; prepositioris possess all their force. 
- They thus.correspond to the rapidity of liuman thouglit; 
and to the subordinate rank+of the, ideas: which they 
convey. ‘They have been called the pegs and nails. of 
denguage. ‘This account/of them is severely censured 
by Mr Tooke, and is inaccurate when intended to inti- 
_ mate that they differ from other words in not expressing 
ideas. Yet it is certainly true that the ideas which they 
express might often be left to be inferred from the other 
” words of the sentence, ; They are not the central ideas in 
~ discourse. The preposition secundum, “ according to,’ 
“implies all the ideas expressed by the noun! “ har- 
mony” or “agreement ;” the word “ from” those ex- 
by the noun ‘beginning);” “ above’’ those 
_ of the nouh “ top ;” “ below’’ those of the noun “ bot- 
tom.”’ But such ideas are’ never interesting on ac- 
~ count of any general properties of their own. We 
‘never, have. occasion to, write | dissertations on “ tops,’ 
mediums,” ‘ beginnings,’’ ‘ endings,” ‘ outsides,’’ 
or “ insides.’’ . Yet the frequent recurrence and conse- 
BS t familiarity of these ideas, together with their-subor- 
te character, render it desirable for us to express them 
with rapidity, by endowing them with all possible bre- 
vity of form. Words possessing this character render lan- 
guage copious and minute without incumbrance. They 
wrigevra, the winged words, of discourse. 
"4 
are the E wi 
Whether we consider them as always derived from other 
_ parts of speech of greater length, which a large propor- 
tion of them undoubtedly is, or suppose it possible that 
they have oecasionally consisted of syllables thrown in 
at random, and afterwards adhered to.as significant, in 
Sime manner as almost all original words must have 
 beex produced, we see, in their general form and appli- 
cation, their excellent adaptation to. the.completion of 
VOL. X. PART I. 
GRAMMAR. 
Seer. II. | Sentential Prepositions. 
'. Tur Sentential Preposition is'a sort of words generally 
numbered among conjunctions, /and forming in elemen- 
tary grammars more than one half of that list. But the 
conjunctions, as thus classified, are not susceptible of any 
common definition ; and this proceeds not merely from 
théir coincidence in use with words ofa different kind, 
but from their dissimilarity to one another: © That this 
disadvantage may. be diminished, if not entirely reme- 
died, we here: give a separate consideration to those 
words which have the power \of introducing subjoined 
sentences inthe same manner as the words called pre- 
positions have with respect to nouns.’ “We denominate 
them. séntential prepositions, in contradistinction to the 
others, to which we have given the designation of nomi« 
nal.',-Imsome instances the!same word serves for a pre- 
position of both’ kinds..\. «* After’ is a nominal preposi- 
tionsin the phrase “ afterdinner,” and: a sentential 
preposition in the phrase “ after we havevdined.’? In 
other instances the: word employed as a-nominal prepo- 
sition undergoes some slight alteration, or receives some 
addition, to distinguish its application as a sentential 
preposition, The'Latin cum, (‘with;”) sometimes retains 
the same, form when used for subjoining a sentence, and 
Sometimes, is transformed. into quum. Ante and post 
are converted)into anlequamiand postquam. 
‘fhe nature of the general’sentential preposition “that” phe general 
in English, and quad and ut-in Latin, has been already kinds of it. 
discussed.,..Quam is' another; like these,:of very: general. ~ 
meaning... It is sometimes translated “ as,” sometimes: 
“than,” It then performs the part of a relative, and has yye;, af. 
the..same-relation..to an antecedent adverb which the nity to the 
relative noun, has to the noun antecedent. Quam has the relative. 
same relation to dam as-qui has to ille. Tanquam, from 
tam.and, quant, may be called a sentential preposition, 
but it differs from. quam ‘in. being more particular, as 
including .the antecedent adverb. Of this last» kind Special 
are also the sentential prepositions antequam and post. ¥°rs of 
quam. Ante and post are used adverbially, and the: t's “ss 
Roman authors often disjoin them from the subsequent compound . 
quam; as, ANTE aulem huc venerat QUAM ‘sperassem. It form. 
might appear that quam should be considered as giving: 
the subjoined sentence the character of a noun; and the 
word ane or post as-a preposition governing or introdu- 
cing it in'that state. It is however more agreeable to the: 
analogy of language to consider ante and post as adverbs, 
and the compound words antequam and postquam as: 
synonymous with anfeagquam and posteaquam, formed: 
from the, adverbs antea and posiea... Adverbs in-gene- 
ral might be resolved into nouns in the ablative case; 
and a special sentential preposition, or one which im- 
plies the meaning of an antecedent adverb, would, on 
this principle, be resolved into the ablative of an. ante- 
cedent noun and that of the relative. Antequam is 
equivalent. to dempore ANTERIORE illi tempori quo. Ut 
is also used as a relative ; sic is often its antecedent when 
it introduces the-indicative mood, and i/a when it intro- 
duces.the subjunctive.: Ut has ‘sometimes in itself the 
force of sicut or of t/a ut, and, when no antecedent ad- 
verb is expressed, may always be considered asimplying 
by ellipsis‘the meaning of one. ‘The,sentential prepo- 
sitions dum and guum have,the same relation to tum ; 
“«'when,”’ “ while,’”’ and “where,” tothe adverbs “then” 
and “there.” The resemblance and near relation subsist- 
ing betwixt “ when,” and the adverb “then,’’ have led 
many grammarians to give to both the common desig~ 
nation of adverbs, Postquam, antequam, and other anas. 
, 3K. 
Nature of 
the senten- 
tial prepo- 
sitior. 
Or a cont 
pound sig- 
hification 
by ellipsis. 
