442 
Universal logous words, have also been denominated adverbs ; 
Grammar. and thus the whole of this part of grammar has been 
—_Y~" involved in confusion: but we shall see the difference 
_ Clearly if we recollect that. the words now mentioned 
Always dis- aye not attached to verbs to modify their meaning, or 
Ligon exhibit in themselves any concomitant circumstance, but 
adverbs, to introduce a subjoined sentence. The word “ as” is 
used both for an antecedent adverb, and a sentential pre- 
position. It is an adverb in the phrases “as good,” 
“ as soon,” and a sentential preposition after the adverb 
* « so,” « He did not come so soon as I ex 2. All 
Mode of _ special sentential prepositions might be resolved by an 
analysing _ analysis similar to that which we have given of ut and 
them. antequam. We have not antecedents in the form of ad- 
verbs for them all, but we may express them by abla- 
tives of nouns or of gerunds. Sz, “if,” implies the 
meaning of ea conditione, eo casu, or supponendo. Quan- 
quam, etiams?, etsi, “though,” “ although,” (words of 
nearly the same meaning with sz, and differing slightly 
in the occasions of their application,) imply the force of 
concesso or concedendo. 
Station of _ It is in fine to be observed, that the’ special senten- 
the sen- tial preposition and the sentence subjoined by it, taken 
orb com as a whole, occupy the place of an adverb, or of a 
sepa = he noun in the ablative case. In some instances we find 
tential pre- single words in this form equivalent to such sentences. 
positions, Cjt6 is equivalent to priusquam multum temporis prete- 
ricrit. In the following sentence, “* He was appointed 
to the office dill the propriety of the continuance of that 
measure should be. ascertained ;” the whole subjoined 
ideas marked in italics may be fully expressed by the 
single adverb “ provisionally.” When ifa is used with- 
out any subjoined regimen, it is an adverb implying a re- 
ference to some assertion previously made, or some con- 
nection of ideas exhibited at the instant of speaking: 
When it is employed as the antecedent to wt with a sub- 
joined sentence, thewhole sentence along with the ita and 
ut occupy the place of an adverb or the ablative of a noun. 
The following is Mr Tooke’s account of the etymolo- 
gy of some English words belonging to this part of speech. 
« If” is from Gif the imperative of Gifan “ to give.” 
Theoldsynonyme “an,” from Anan “togrant.” *Unless,” 
from Onlesan *‘ to dismiss.” “* Though,” from a et 
or thafian, to “ allow.” Without,” from Wyrt 
utan, to “ be out.” “ Lest,” from Lesan, “ to dismiss.’?’ 
*¢ Since,” from the participle Seon, “to see.?? “As” is 
es, a German word for “ it,” *‘that,” or “which”. 
Some words are used as sentential prepositions which 
still retain the form of gerunds or partierples ; as * sup- 
posing,” “ provided,” “providing that,” “ granting that.” 
‘ Seemng,”” was formerly used in the same manner. 
Mr Tooke’s 
etymolo- 
gies. 
CHAP, IX. 
Of Conjunctions and Miscellaneous Particles. 
ConJuNcTions connect words or sentences on equal 
terms, without regimen or subjunction. They con- 
tinue the syntax of the introducing word to that which 
they introduce. General words of this description are not 
numerous, as the purposes to which they are applied do 
not admit of great variety. One kindof them may beterm- 
ed Conjunctions of union, as they unite the meanings 
of the words which they connect. Such are the English 
word “ and” and the Latin-et, ac, atque. Another kind 
may be termed Conjunctions of alternation, as aut and vel 
in Latin, and “ or” in English, The negative “nor” isa 
conjunction combined with anegation. It might appear 
in its etymology the reverse of or,” but in meaning 
General 
conjunc 
tions. 
Conjune- 
tions of 
union. 
Of alterna- 
tion, 
GRAMMAR. 
it is the reverse of “ and.” It is equivalent to “and not.” Unis 
In Latin this is also its etymology. It is not non vel © 
or ne vel, but nec from ne ac, and neque from ne and que. 
Sometimes the first of the nouns or verbs connected y__; 
by sar james is preceded by a peculiar word. ‘* Both” .., 
is used to precede words connected by “ and ;” “either” conjur 
those connected by “or ;”’ and « neither” those con- tious 
nected by “nor.” It is natural to ask to what head 
“ both,’ “ either,’? and “ neither’? are to be referred. 
In the English language, their etymology might stron, 
ly lead a grammarian to refer them to the class of as 
tives when they precede nouns, and thus make. 
equivalent to ambo, uter, and neuter. When they . 
cede verbs, they might be reckoned adverbs, cadre 
English would be equivalent to adverbs formed by add- 
—— termination “ ly” to the adjective, as if we said 
é y,” “eitherly,” “neitherly.” They perform the 
office of an adverb referring to concomitance. In ‘La- 
tin the same word is used both as the preceding and ‘the 
conjoining word. £7 ille et alter; Er venit et vidit. It Conj 
will be found, on the whole, that conjunctions are near tio 
akin to adjectives and adverbs. They are necessarily |: 
frequent in the use of language, and have re- ,, 
ceived an abbreviated form. 
Some miscellaneous particles may be called special Spec 
conjunctions, as including a more particular character of juncho 
mutual relation betwixt the ideas contained inthe words ‘ 
or sentences which they connect. ‘Such are the’ words 
“ also,’’ “ farther,” “ moreover,’’ “ but,” ** likewise,” 
‘* yet,” “ notwithstanding,” “ however.” ; 
CHAP. X. 
Of Interjections. 
Tue term Jnterjection is applied to those words Natu 
which express by s exclamation certain overpower- 19t¥ 
ing emotions of mind. “Such as ’A: é! Heu! Atat! °° 
Proh! « Ah!’ Oh!” * Alas!” ate. 
This part of speech is treated by Mr Tooke great 
prove. as a brutish wawieatey ‘sound which has as 
little to. do with speech as the neighing of a horse, the 
barking of a dog, coughing, groaning, shrieking, orany __, 
other involuntary convulsion with oral sound. ‘These Either 
words, however, though at first involuntary, are after- YO" 
wards uttered from design. A man desirous of impress- ry sq 
ing another with a particular passion, first contrives to 
excite it in his own mind, and then utters the sound by 
which it is expressed. Hence coi ding syllables are 
committed to writing in works which depict human pas- Not 
sions and manners. They belong to language, as language Tefus 
must include every sound addressed by one man to ano- f 
ther, from the highest to the lowest state of mental culti- 
vation. Interjections may be considered as a mixture of 
involuntary expression with social discourse. In the use 
of this part of speech, man is seen to'rise from the cha- 
racter of an animal impelled by passion to that of a re- 
flecting being, who displays intelligence and address 
in influencing his mee romain stan 
Sometimes words ing to other parts |, Speci 
and expressing definite ideas, are introduced 
to express emotion, and numbered interjections ; 
as * Amazing !” « Wonderful!” ** Prodigious !” “ Shock- 
ing !” « Horrible !” « Merey !” « Pitiful!” “ Woe’s me !” 
Whether we call such exclamations as these interjections, 
or abbreviations by ellipsis, is of little importance. Their 
meaning is never am : 
In the introductory of this article we described 
language as essentially imperative; and the slightest re- 
flection will shew that interjections, in so far as they par- 
