completely inclosed by mountains of stupendous height, 
GRAMMAR. 
I take of the nature of’ social discourse, possess an impe- 
ir 
~ “Books: of merit on universal grammar are but few. 
But numerous a mn i mt the acted are to ‘> 
found in all good and complete grammars of particular 
Tanguages, and in the larger Dicdonariee. Some parts of 
it are also pice ane se of metaphysics. 
The a English and French works on this subject 
are the ing: Monboddo's: Treatise on the Origin 
and Progress of + Harris’s Hermes; Beauzée’s 
Grammaire Générale; Grammaire Générale et Raison- 
née, par M. M, de Port Royal ; Condillac’s Grammaire 
448 
in his Cours-d’etudes; Tooke’s Diversions of Pocteys 
Beddoes on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence ; Pick- 
bourne'’s: Dissertation on the English Verb ; Mr Dunbar’s 
Analysis of the Greek Verb; Dr € on the Theory 
of the Moods of Verbs in the 2d vol. of the Transactions 
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; Mr Bonar's Essay on 
the Greek Prepositions, in the 5th Vol. of the same 
work ; Dr Jamieson’s Hermes Scythicus; Beattie’s Evs 
on the Theory of Language; Hutton’s Dissertation on the 
Theory of ran oe e; Dr Adam Smith's Essay on Lan- 
guage, (publis re with his Theory of Moral Senti« 
ments) ; Mr Stewart’s Philosophical Essays, Part 1. Es« 
say 5th ; and the article Grammar in the Encyclopedia 
Britannica, and that of Dr Rees. * 
GRA 
' GRANADA, a celebrated city in-Spain, and capital 
of the province of: that name, is pleasantly situated on 
two small hills, at the extremity ofa beautiful and ex- 
tensive plain. It was built by the Moors in the tenth 
century, and was finally reduced by the Spanish armies 
in 1492, after a siege of more than twelve months. At 
that period it is said to have coyered.a space three 
es in circumference, and to have contained 400,000 
inhabitants, a statement unquestionably far above the 
truth. Its walls were defended by more than a thousand 
towers ; and it was farther by two fortresses, 
on the summits of the two adjoining hills, each of which 
was capable of containing 40,000. men. These fortres~ 
ses still remain, but the walls and gates of the city are 
demolished, and many of its finest structures in a state’ 
of decay. It nevertheless exhibits evident proofs of its 
former magnificence ; and its a ance from a dis- 
tance is described as peculiarly majestic. The plain 
before it is above 30 1 es in circumference, and 
about 1200 miles above level of the sea, but so 
as to have all the appearance ef a delicious valley. — It 
is watered by five rivers, and intersected by’ nume- 
- yous rivulets and canals; covered with the richest mea- 
dows, forests. of oak, plantations of orange trees, and 
sugar cane, fields of corn and flax, orchards of fruit- 
trees, and all kinds of vegetables; bounded on the 
north by the lofty Sierra Nevada, with the mountains of 
Elvira, ‘and on the’ other’ sides by successive amphi- 
theatres of hills; agreeably’ planted with vines, olive, 
mulberry, lemon, and trees. It contains with- 
in its circuit not less than 52’ towns; and in its centre 
bem s the Soto de Roma, which is a beautiful wood 
elms, white poplars, and ash trees, full of game, espe- 
cially pheasants, more than a league in length, and half 
a e in breadth, and formerly the retreat of the 
Moorish kings. At the termination of this fertile plain, 
the city of China is perceived from a considerable 
distance, extending in the form of a half moon from the 
river, along the gradual ascent of a hill, its streets risin, 
above each other, exhibiting a profusion of turrets 
ilded cupolas ; the summit of the whole crowned by 
e palace of the Alhambra, and the back ground com- 
of the majestic Sierra Nevada, covered with 
snow. But the splendid illusions, created by this dis- 
tant view, are sadly dissi by-a nearer inspection of 
its fallen grandeur. It was formerly divided into four 
quarters, which may still be considered as distinctly 
marked, namely, the quarter of Alhambra, which prin- 
GRA 
eipally contains that immense citadel on the mountain 
of the-sun, and where the splendid palace of the Moor- 
ish kings is still in existence, and in a state of sufficient 
repair to impress the spectator with the most lively idea 
of its original beauties ; the quarter of Albayzin, a kind 
of suburb on the rising ground, separated from the 
town by a rampart, and pen sow about 4000 houses ; 
the quarter of Antiquerula, which has the appearance 
of another suburb built upon the plain, was peopled by 
settlers from Antequera, and is ey occupied b 
dyers and silk-weavers ; and the quarter of 
which covers the commencement of the plain, and a 
part of the valley between the two mountains, and is 
the best built and best inhabited of the town. The 
river Darro-rans through the middle of the city, and 
empties itself into the Xenil, which near the 
walls. ‘The extent of the whole town is much the same 
as it was in the time of the Moors, but it is thinly in- 
habited in proportion to its pint and the present 
oy ore is aoe about 60,000. The streets are gene- 
y narrow, and the houses very inferior in their ap- 
pearance to those of many other cities in Spain. Even 
those which surround the market-place are very a 
eable, few of the upper ai ents having glass in the 
windows, and the shops below being very indifferentl 
supplied with goods. But there are many fine build. 
ings, handsome squares, poe ened ee and beauti- 
fountains in different the city. The El 
Campo:is a ‘square at the entrance of the town, on 
the road from Antequera, and is partly occupied by an 
hospital, ‘which is a large and handsome building. The 
Plaza Mayor in the middle of the'town is very Ses - 
and is used for public shows, particularly the bull- 
fights. The Biva Rambla, a handsome area, 400 feet 
by 200, is embellished by an elegant jasper fountain, 
and has on one side the Alcaxeria, and on the other the 
Chancery ; the latter of which has a very handsome 
front, ornamented with-alabaster‘columns, and a range 
of windows with» gilt balconies; and the former, an 
immense edifice wi t ornament, formerly the bazar 
of the Moors, still contains about 200 shops: these 
are so-very small; that the owner, sitting in the centre, 
is able to reach whatever his customers require, 
without rising from his seat. The cathedralis a 
pra but irregular building, It has a handsome 
ome resting on twelve arches, supported by twelve 
pilasters ; and against these columns are placed the sta« 
tues of the twelve apostles in gilt bronze, as large as 
life. The vault is full of paintings, and two rows of 
™ The Editor is indebted for this valuable article on GRamMan to Henry Dewar, M.D, F.R,S.E. 
Universal 
Grammar. 
et Gell 
