GRA 
re of the science,—-a history which could only have been 
written by 
analytical considerations. From these problems, which 
serve to calculate the true system of the world, the 
author passes to sqeantons more difficult, mote com- 
li ; and which belong to another order of things. 
[hese researches are only objects of pure curiosity, as 
the author announces, but they show the extent of his 
resources. Finally, we see there his new theory of the 
variations of arbitrary constant quantities of the motion 
of the planets, which had appeared with so much eclat 
in the Memoirs of the Institute, where it had shown 
that the author, at the of 75, had not sunk from 
the rank which he had filled for so long a time in the 
inion of all mathematicians.” 
GRANGEMOUTH. See Bornowsroness and Stir- 
“ZINGSHIRE. 
GRANITE. See Mineratoey. 
GRANSON, or Granpson, is the name of a small 
town in the canton of the Pays de Vaud. It is situa- 
ted on the western bank of the lake of Neufchatel, about 
a mile from the foot of Mount Jura, which here bears 
the name of Thevenon. In ap; ing this town 
from Yverdun, it ap finely situated above the 
lake, and is particularly distinguished by its lofty cha- 
teau crowned with five or six towers. At the entrance 
to the town there is an old church, which does not ap- 
pear to be used. The road passes through an arch sur- 
mounted with a tower and spire. The number of houses 
in 1814, when we pened through it, was 100. The op- 
ite bank of the lake of Neufchatel is a lofty ridge 
ly wooded, with the grand range of the eastern 
ae towering above it. 
ranson is celebrated in the history of Switzerland, 
for the battle which the Swiss gained over Charles 
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, on the 3d of March 1476. 
The Duke's army, which was 6000 strong, occupied 
Granson, and the vi of Poissine, Corsalette, Giez, 
Vallieres, and Tuileries, and was defended on the right 
by the lake, and on the left by Mount Arnou, and on 
the east by the Thevenon, and by entrenchments on 
every other point. The battle began near Concise and 
the Chartreuse of Lalance, and terminated in the com. 
ete defeat of the Duke of Burgundy, who lost all his 
and jewels. One of his diamonds, which was 
‘1 then known, was found by a Swiss soldier, 
and sold for a florin to the curate of Montagny. This 
diamond was afterwards sold to Pope Julius II. for 
20,000 ducats. Other two diamonds were found by 
the Swiss, one of which now forms part of the imperial 
treasury of Vienna, and the other belongs to the crown 
of France. ; 
; GRANTHAM, a town of England in Lincolnshire, 
is situated on the river Witham, near the ancient Roman 
road, called Ermine Street. The town, which is neat 
and clean, and contains many excellent houses, consists 
of four principal streets, called Westgate, Watergate, 
Castlegate, and Swinegate. The church, which is ele- 
gantly built of stone, consists of a nave, with spacious 
north and south aisles. It is lighted with handsome 
painted windows, i has been celebrated for the ele- 
455° 
GRA 
gance. of its. spite, which consists of a quadrangular 
tower, containing three stories, At each angle of the 
i exangular crocketted pinnacle, over 
al spire, ornamented with crock« 
ets in the angles, and at these several distances encir- 
cled with windows having triangular heads. The 
height of the tower to the battlements is 135 feet, and 
from that to the top of the vane 138, making a total 
height of 273 feet. The nave, including the chancel 
and side aisles, is 116 feet long inside, and 80 feet 
broad, The church contains several handsome marble 
monuments. The front, which is octangular, is deem- 
ed a handsome specimen of ancient sculpture. The 
crypt under the aisle is used as a charnel-house, which 
contains great numbers of bleached sculls and bones. 
The vestry has been fitted up to receive the library of 
the Rev. Dr Newcome, a native of Grantham, who be- 
queathed it for the use of the town and neighbourhood. 
The guildhall was rebuilt in 1787, and contains a 
large apartment for an assembly-room. ‘The free-school 
was founded by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, 
and in the present school-house Sir Isaac Newton stu- 
died the classics for several years. Without the Spit- 
tlegate is the Grantham Spa, a mild. chalybeate, con- 
taining a small portion of aérated iron. f 
A canal has some tiine ago been cut from Grantham 
to the river Trent, a distance of 30 miles, with a fall of 
148 feet to the river Trent. In 1798, £114,734 had 
been expended on the undertaking, and the tonnage 
then amounted to £4381. Corn and coals are the prin- 
cipal articles which it conveys. There is a race-course 
in the neighbourhood of Grantham, where races are 
held annually. 
The following is the population of the borough and 
parish, according to the census of 1811. 
Number of inhabited houses . . . + - 678 
Ti et taeeiee ee Ca ig gt ee 
Do. employed in agriculture Saath Madea 
Do. in trade and manufactures F . 480 
BRAIDS fais courte eek inte heat ee ee 
ermlen < .. Lan ten sin WecPuaedcee sone a ae 
Total population . . - 8646 
See Beauties of England aad Wales, vol. ix. p. 766. 
GRANTOWN. See Moraysuire, 
GRAPHOMETER, is a name sometimes given to 
instruments similar to goniometers, or to particular mo~ 
difications of the theodolite. See GoniomETER. 
GRATZ, or Graz, is the name of an ancient town in 
the duchy of Styria, situated on the river Muehre. The 
town of Gratz is well built, the streets spacious and well 
laid out, and the houses, which are almost all of stone, 
are neat and commodious. The town, properly so call- 
ed, is very small, and is surrounded with walls, ditches, 
and fortifications ; but the suburbs are very large, and 
have lately increased with rapidity, The suburbs lie 
round the town like distinct villages, and are inter- 
mingled with gardens and vineyards. The citadel is 
situated within the town, on a very steep hill, about 
600 or 700 feet above the level of the river, and has a 
well communicating with the Muehre. It was once'a 
place of considerable strength ; but it has been so much 
neglected, that in the year 1797, it offered no resistance 
upon the approach of the French, One of the princi- 
objects of interest at Gratz is the imperial mauso- 
eum of Ferdinand II. who was born in this town in 
1578. The architecture is not in the best style; but 
jts interior is richly ornamented with sculpture. The 
life of the Emperor Leopold is represented on the roof, 
in several eaiblemnstic paintings. On the top of the 
Grantown 
Gratz. 
—_—— 
