by bribing ayerty of ie inhabitants, he razed its walls 
to the ground, and sold the people for slaves, The 
: ar, which was still carried on by both parties 
with the most inary retaliations, next 
‘orded 
~ eontact with the Grecian states,. Professing to adjust, 
as arbitrator, the matter in dispute, promising to the 
Phocians his ion against the fury of their ene- 
mies, and. soothing the Athenians by the re of his 
friends, that he was secretly intending to humble Thebes 
47, vather than Phocis, he eon. vette into posta 
gained quiet possession e ian cities ; secw 
to that aie as he had promised, their personal safe~ 
+; but red, or at least sanctioned, a decree of 
i calisigchia Assembly, annihilating their political 
existence as a nation, and expelling them from the num- 
ber of the Grecian states represented in the council. 
He was himself elected in their place as a member of 
the Assembly ; invested with the double vote which 
they had enjoyed; and usually denominated in their 
fluture operations the Amphictyonic general. The Athe- 
nians refused to sememmaden his election ; and mani- 
fested, in all their measures, an ambition even more un« 
principled and indefensible than that of the Macedoni- 
an monarch, Guided rather by the inflammatory elo- 
quence of Demosthenes, than by the pacific counsels of 
a ion, they plunged at | into a destructive con~ 
___ test with their powerful rival and neighbour. A se- 
‘reli- cond sacred war again drew Philip into the midst of 
at. Greece. The Locrians of Amphissa having encroached 
upon the consecrated ground of Delphos, and having 
refused to obey the decrees of the Amphictyonic coun- 
cil, the Macedonian monarch was invited, as their ge- 
Many of the Grecian states were now alarmed, and not 
without reason, by the forwardness of Philip to inter- 
fere in their politics, and by the reluctance which he 
shewed to withdraw his army, after the punishment of 
the Amphissians. Demosthenes hastened to Thebes, 
where he succeeded in rouzing the utmost enthusiasm 
for the liberties of Greece, and persuaded the Thebans 
to adopt the immediate resolution of uniting with the 
Athenians, to resist the dangerous progress of the Ma- 
cedonian influence. In vain did Phocion recommend, 
and Philip request, the Athenians to lay aside their 
_ measures for instant hostilities. They excluded the 
former from the command of their army, and marched 
without delay to join their Theban allies against the 
ff enemy. The two armies, consisting of about 30,000.0on 
nea each side, came to a general en t at Cheronea, 
‘The battle was long doubtful. Alexander, who was 
eermrerec porrs.cl. nee, at the head of a chosen 
ali of noble Macedonians, cut down the Sacred Band 
of T ; and the ns eT fora 1 Sra hy 
i with imprudent impetuosity, 
‘ oie Macedonian phalanx under 
Philip. _The vanquished were treated with a degree of 
clemency and generosity, of which there had been few 
‘ in Grecian warfare. Philip hastened to stop 
the ter of the flying Greeks, and dismissed the 
Athenian prisoners wi ransom, and voluntarily re- 
newed his former treaty with that republic. To the 
Thebans he readily granted peace ; but stationed a Ma- 
eedonian garrison in their citadel. By this decisive 
victory, he secured the most entire ascen in 
_ Greece ; and, on that side, there was little farther left 
| for his ambition to desire. 
i Either, however, with a view to extend his conquests, 
VOL. X. PART I. 
GREECE. 
_ him a fair opportunity of bringing his power into full. 
neral, to vindicate their authority by force of arms, 
473 
or in order to unite the Greeks more firmly under hig Greece. 
power, he planned the invasion of the Persian empire, “"y—™ 
and procured himself to be appointed generalissimo in Philip me- 
the expedition, No measure could have been conceived ditates the 
more popular in Greece, A general council of the i™vssion of 
states was summoned, and the quota determined which ?**+ 
each of them was to furnish. Philip exerted himself 
with extraordinary activity to complete his formidable 
preparations ; and his whole army, in the most ect 
state of military discipline and equipment, was in rea- 
diness to cross the Hellespont. But, in the midst of his 
greatest splendour, while solemnizing, before his depar- 
ture, the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra, surrounded 
by his guards and principal officers, and receiving, but is cut 
among the assembled states of Greece, little less than ° bY ™ % 
divine honours, he was stabbed to the heart by a despe- wae 
rate assassin. See Demostuenss, and Puixip. : 
Upon the accession of Alexander to the throne of Accession 
Macedonia, when only twenty years of age, the diffe- of Alexan- 
rent nations whom his father had brought under his 4 
dominion made an attempt to regain their indepen- 
dence ; and Demosthenes exerted all his powers of per- 
suasion to the Greeks to unite against the: 
youthful successor of the formidable Philip. But Alex- 
ander, having punished the Thracians, Illyrians, and 
other barbarians, for their indiscretion, turned, with 
the utmost expedition, the whole weight of his arms 
upon Greece. The Thebans, who had massacred the 
Macedonian garrison, which Philip had placed in their who de- 
citadel, having refused the offer of a free pardon made *T°ys — 
to them by Alexander, upon condition of their surren. 72°>* 
dering the principal leaders of the insurrection, were 
defeated with great slaughter, their city given up to be 
pillaged, and the inhabitants sold as slaves, These 
dreadful acts of severity filled the Athenians with alarm, 
and an embassy was instantly dispatched to implore the 
clemency of the Macedonian prince. Alexander at first. 
insisted that ten of their principal orators should be de- 
livered into his hands ; but was at length satisfied with 
the banishment of Charidemus, and expressed the high- 
est regard for the republic of Athens. The other states 
hastened, in like manner, to make their submission ; 
and, in one campaign, the whole nation of the Greeks 
acknowledged his supremacy, Having assembled their 
deputies at Corinth, and renewed the proposal of inva- 
ding the Persian empire, he was appointed, as his fa-- 
ther had been, to the chief command, His rapid con- 
quest of Persia, which would. form: too extensive an and con- 
episode in this brief sketch of Grecian history, and quers Per- 
which must therefore be passed over without detail, s1. 
produced one of the most extraordinary and important 
revolutions in the political aspect of the world. No 
national contest recorded in a was ever more my 
teresting in.its progress, or involved consequences 
pres itude, than the struggle which had so long 
nm maintained. between Persia and.Greece. Its ob- 
ject was to decide the great question, whether E 
or Asia shonld have the ascendancy ; and at 
under the auspices of the Macedonian prince, the for« 
mer gained a superiority, which it has preserved to the 
present day. During the of Alexander's con- 
quests, various attempts were made by the Grecian 
states to shake off the yoke of Macedonia. The Spars 
tans especially, under the direction of their. king Agis, 
excited a powerful insurrection in Peloponnesus; but Insyrrec. 
Antipater, who had:been left to -govern in Macedonia, tions in 
ing a powerful army into the peninsula, com-Greece. 
pletely broke their spirit by a decisive defeat of their: 
30 
