474 
Greece forces, and the death of Agis, who fell in the pursuit. 
Harpalus, one of the officers of Alexander, who had in- 
curred the displeasure of that prince by his extortions, 
when governor of Babylon, took refuge in Athens ; 
and, by means of his treasures, succeeded in attaching 
them to his cause ; but, upon the report of a powerful 
army being dispatched by Alexander to punish their 
treachery, they expelled Harpalus from their city, and 
banished Demosthenes, who had been convicted of ac- 
cepting his bribes. A new commotion also had been 
General re- excited throughout all the states of Greece, by a pro- 
ss ay clamation of Alexander to restore the exiles to their 
‘Aad respective countries and essions ; and, upon the 
B, C. 323, event of his death being known, the revolt which had 
already commenced instantly became general. Demos- 
thenes was recalled, and a powerful army of confede- 
ratetl Greeks, under the Athenian commander Leos- : 
thenes, marched against Antipater. Elated by the suc- 
cess which attended their first operations, they despised, 
’ as usual, the prudent warnings of Phocion, and began 
to calculate upon the return of their ancient greatness. 
But Antipater having been joined by Craterus with a 
part of the victorious army of Alexander, met Te- 
duced the insurgent states in succession ; and, advan- 
cing towards Attica, as the great object of his ven- 
geance, though in some measure softened by the inter- 
cession of the virtuous Phocion, he abolished the de- 
mocracy of the Athenians, and established the aristo- 
cratical government, as it had existed in the days of 
Solon ; obliged them to pay the expences of the war ; 
and placed a Macedonian garrison in the port of 
Antipater Munychia, Similar. changes were made’ in most of 
settles the the other states; and, though the people loudly com- 
eee: of plained, in the first instance, of these infringements 
veces upon their liberties, they began at length to feel, that 
their freedom was in reality greater than it had hitherto 
been, and acknowledged their obligations to Antipater, 
by entitling him the Father and Protector of Greece. 
After the death of Antipater, the Grecian states largely 
shared in the revolutions and dissensions which agita- 
New chan- ted, for so many years, the empire of Alexander. Po- 
ges by Po- lysperchon, who had been associated with Cassander, 
lysperchon. the son of Antipater, in the regency of Macedonia, 
being engaged in a contest with his ambitious colleague, 
sought to attach the Greeks to his interests, by displa- 
cing the , bears whom Antipater had placed over 
them, and by restoring the power of democracy. Se- 
veral of the cities, particularly Megolopolis, resisted his 
decree, and drew upon their heads a bloody revenge. 
Athens, on the contrary, gladly hailed its recovered_li- 
berty ; and proceeded, in its moments of renewed tur- 
bulence, to put to death the friends of Antipater. 
Athenians Among these perished the greatest ornament of their 
put Phocion city, the incorruptible Phocion, who had served in the 
to death, armies and councils of his country till he was above 
eighty years of age; and whose distinguished merit his 
fellow citizens soon after acknowledged, with their ac- 
customed inconsistency, by erecting a statue to his me- 
mory, and inflicting punishment upon his accusers. 
But Cassander, by the aid of Antigonus, having reco- 
covered his influence in Greece, restored the aristocra- 
Prosperity cy, replaced the Macedonian garrison, and appointed 
of Athens Demetrius Phalerius governor of the city, who con- 
under De- ducted himself in his office with so much wisdom and 
Padochis; moderation for ten years, that more than three hundred 
B,C, 317. Statues are said to have been erected in testimony of 
his benefits. The power of Cassander prevailed also in 
Peloponnesus ; and, excepting a very few cities, Greece 
GREECE. ae 
was again entjrely subjected to the Macedonian domi- 
nion. See ALEXANDER. 
During the revolutions which agitated Macedonia, In 
after the death of Cassander, it was invaded and over- © 
run by an immense body of Gauls, who pursued their ‘he G 
course like a torrent, and poured upon the enfeeb' ae 
states of Greece with the utmost i. They were suc- - 
cessfully resisted in the defiles of Thermopylae, by the 
Grecian army under Cali the Athenian ; but, for- 
cing their way by the path over mount Oeta, by which 
the Persians had penetrated under Xerxes, they directs 
ed their march to Delphos, with the design of plunder« 
ing the temple of -its accumulated treasures. But, 
or with a brave resistance from those who were 
assembled to protect the sacred and, being thrown’ 
into confusion by a violent storm and earthquake, they 
fied in the utmost terror, and turned their arms upon — 
one another, in the darkness of the night. They were 
keenly assailed by the Greeks in their flight, andthe 
greater part of them cut to pieces. Scarcely recover=- 
ing from the inroad of those barbarians, the states of | 
Peloponnesus were involved in new calamities, by the’ 
ambitious arms of Pyrrhus king of Epire, who had res 
duced the greater part of Macedonia, and having been App 
invited by Cleonymus, an exiled S prince, to re- of P: 
dress his grievances, led a powerful army to the gates in G 
of Sparta, while their king and the best of their troops 
were absent in Crete. But the inhabitants of the city, 
even the women, assisting in its defence, made so heroic 
a resistance, that time was allowed for the arrival of | 
reinforcements ; and Pyrrhus, being compelled to re-: 
treat, was slain in an attempt to enter the city of Ar- 
gos, Antigonus, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, being 
again es on the throne of Macedonia, began to me« 
ditate the complete subjugation of Greece, andcom= 
menced his operations with the siege of Athens, which 
he speedily reduced, and garrisoned with Macedonian 
troops. Pursuing his schemes of conquest, he gained: 
frames of Corinth by artifice, but was arrested in’ 
is ambitious career by the hand of death, His son De~ 
metrius maintained a commanding influence in the dif+ 
ferent states of Greece, not by attempting to hold the: 
sovereignty himself, but by supporting those who found. 
means to usurp the supreme authority. His successor ) 
Antigonus Doson, a prince distingui by his justice. _ 
and moderation, avoided all interference in the affairs: 
of foreign states ; and the cities of Greece, imitating the _ 
example of the Achzan league, made one last attempt 
to recover their long lost independence. a 
During the distracted times of Macedonia, under Ly= Acha 
simachus and Ptolemy Ceraunus, the cities of Achaia 
gradually recovered their liberties, and renewed their, vive’ 
ancient confederacy: (See Acumans.) Aratus of Si- *™ 
cyon, having freed his native city from the government 
of Nicoeles, joined the Achzan league, and was chosen 
preetor of the associated states. Intent upon delivering _ 
Peloponnesus from foreign dominion, and hoping to — 
render the Achwan confederation a barrier against fu«: 
ture invasion, he surprised the Macedonian garrison in 
Corinth, and attached the liberated city to the Acheans. 
He persuaded the governor of Megalopolis to abdicate 
his power,.and follow the example of the Corinthians. 
Protected by the king of Egypt against the Macedoni- 
ans, the Achzan confederacy was thus extending on all. 
sides, and might soon have united all the. peni as Imp 
one nation, under one government, when its progress oft 
wasfinterrupted by the hostility of S The ancient, 
institutions of that distinguished city had fallen into 
