584 
Mazim XII. 
From the sudden trebling the quantity of the air’s 
resistance, when the projectile moves swifter than at 
the rate of 1200 feet in a second, (as has been explain- 
ed in Max. IX.) it follows, that whatever be the regu- 
lar range ofa bullet discharged with the last-mention- 
ed velocity, that range will be but little increased, how 
much soever the velocity of the bullet may be still far- 
ther augmented by greater charges of powder. 
Maxim XIII. 
If the same piece of cannon be successively fired at 
an invariable elevation, but with various charges of 
powder, the greatest charge being the whole weight of 
the bullet in powder, and the least not less than the 
fifth of that weight ; then, if the elevation be not less 
than 8° or 10°, it will be found that some of the ranges 
with the least charge will exceed some of those with 
the greatest. 
Maxim XIV. 
If two pieces of cannon, of the same bore but of dif- 
ferent lengths, are successively fired at the same eleva- 
tion, with the same charge of powder, then it will fre- 
quently happen, that some of the ranges with the 
shorter piece will exceed some of those with the longer. 
Maxim XV. ; rt 
In distant cannonadings, the advantages arising from 
long pieces and large charges of powder are but of lit- 
tle moment. 
Maxim XVI. 
In firing against troops with grape-shot, it will be 
found, that charges of powder much less than those ge- 
nerally used are the most advantageous. 
Mazim XVII. 
The principal operation in which large charges of 
powder appear to be more efficacious than small ones, 
are the ruining of parapets, the dismounting of batteries 
covered by stout mortars, or battering in breach ; for in 
all these cases, if the object be but little removed from 
the piece, every increase of velocity will increase the 
penetration of the bullet. 
Mazim XVIII. 
Whatever operations are to be performed by artille- 
ry, the least charges of powcler with which they can be 
effected are always to be preferred. 
Maxim XIX. 
Hence. then, the proper charge of any piece of artil- 
lery, is not that allotment of powder which will com- 
municate the greatest velocity to the bullet, (as most 
practitioners have hitherto maintained,) nor is it to be 
determined by an invariable proportion of its weight to 
the weight of the ball; but, on the contrary, it is 
such a quantity of powder as will produce the least 
velocity necessary for the purpose required ; and in- 
stead of bearing always a fixed ratio to the weight of 
the bullet, it must be different according to the different 
business which is to be performed. 
Maxim XX. 
No field piece ought at any time to be loaded with 
more than %, or the utmost } of the weight of its 
GUNNERY. 
bullet in powder. Nor should the charge of any bat- Px 
tering piece exceed the weight of its bullet. 
, Mati 3 ee 
The depth to which a bullet penetrates in a 
parative velocity than the distance to which it ranges 
when fired at an elevation. For when the velocity of © P 
the bullet is doubled, it penetrates into an uniform sub. ~ 
stance near four times as deep, and with three times 
the velocity near nine times as deep; * so that, with 
different velocities, the penetrations vary in a much 
greater proportion than the velocities themselves, 
Maxim XXII. ; 
Hence then in all contests about the or less 
velocity which a bullet acquires from different quanti- 
ties of powder, or from different lengths of pi or 
different methods of loading ; the most decisive expe- 
riment is to try the penetration of the bullet into some 
uniform substance, placed at a small distance from the 
muzzle of the piece; since that bullet which, in re- 
eated trials, penetrates deepest, may be concluded to- 
ve been discharged with the test celerity. 
For farther information on the subject of ae 
see Tartaglia’s Colloquies concerning the Art of shooti 
in great and small Pieces of Artillery, translated oe. 
eas, Lond. 1588. Collado’s Practica Manuale D’ Ar- 
tiglieria, Venice, 1586. Bourne’s Art of shooting in 
are Ordnance, 1693. Eldred’s Gunner’s Glasse, 1646. 
alileo’s Discursus et Demonstrationes Mathematice, - 
1638. Anderson on the genuine Use and Effects of 
the Gun, 1674. Blondel, L’ Art de jetter les Bombes. 
Greave’s on the Force of Guns, in the Phil. Trans. 
1685, vol. xv. p. 1090. Halley, Pail. Trans. 1686, 
vol. xvi. p. 3; 1695, vol. xix. p. 68. Newton’s Prin- 
cipia. John Bernoulli, Mem. Acad. Par. 1711; and 
4 Lips. 1713. Brook Taylor, Phil. Trans. 1726, 
vol. xxxiv. Keill, Journal Literaire de la Haye, 1719, 
. 151. D. Bernoulli, Comment. Petrop. vol. iv. p. 136. 
ariotte on the Recoil of Fire Arms, in the Mem. Acad. 
Par. vol. i. p. 233. Cassini on the Recoil, Id. 1708. 
Cassini on the Effect of different Charges, Id. 1707. 
Guisnée on the Galilean Theory, Id. 1707. Ressons, 
Id. 1716, p.79; and 1719 and 1720. Maupertuis, Id. 
1731, p. 297. Jurin. Phil. Trans. 1742, p. 172: St 
Remy’s Memoirs iba , vol. i. p. 69. © n 
New Principles of nerd d, translated by Euler, and 
retranslated into Englis by Brown. ler, Mem. 
Acad. Berlin, 1753, p. 34. rafft, Acta Pet 
iv. i. 154, ii, 175. Leutmann, Comment. Petrop. iv. 
p. 265. Deidier, Mem. Acad. 1741. D’Arey, Mem. 
Acad. 1751, p.45. D'Arcy, Essais sur la Theorie de 
L Artillerie, 1760. Borda, Mem. Acad. 1769, p. 116. 
Montalembert, Mem. Acad. 1755, p. 463; Id. 1759, & 
358. Lambert, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1765, p. 102; Id. 
1778, p. 34. Cassali, Comment, Bonon, vol. v.11. Bers 
noulli, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1781, 347. Sulzer, Mem. 
Acad. Berl. 1755. Tempelhoff, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1788, 
p. 216. Moreau, Journal Polytechnique, vol. iv. xi. 
204. Devalliere, Mem. Acad.'Par. 1772. Mattei, see 
Antoni’s Work. Butet, see Antoni's Treatise on Pow- 
der, and on Fire Arms, translated by Thomson. Hut~ 
ton, Phil. Trans. 1778, and Tracts vol. ii. iii, Rum- 
ford, Phil. Trans. 1781, p. 229; Id. 1797, p. 222. 
Franceur, Mecanique. Grobert, Journal des Mines, 1804, 
No. 92. or Tilloch’s Phil. Magazine, vol. xxii, p. 220. 
Glenie’s History of Gunnery. 
* Dr Hutton bas found that the penetrations are in a much lower proportion. 
votid 
substance is a much more definite criterion of its com= 
