took leave of them:im adiscourse, in whi 
_— ed, at le 
; and having caused them to do hom. 
ughter Christina, then only four years old, 
es — 4 he explain- 
ngth, the motives that prom ie enterprize 
he was about to undertake.» ape eat 
In the month of June 1630, Gustavus landed on the 
a Boe Pomerania, with an nie of 15,000 men. At 
x _ his‘ operations were. greatly impeded by the jea- 
lousy dadvtiened that reigned among the Protestant 
Princes of Germany, who -seemed to be actuated ra- 
ther by their own selfish interests, than by any en- 
larged view to the general good. However, he-soon 
expelled ravens troops from Pomerania, and foreed 
the Elector of Brandenburg to embrace _his true inte 
rest, by affording every ea to the enterprize of the 
‘Swedes. The King then resolved to hasten to the re- 
lief: of Magdeburg, which was besieged by the) im- 
a ‘Count Tilly); but his views were 
ted -by the strange, conduct of the Elector of 
Saxony, who refused to permit him to pass the Elbe ; 
and he hadthe mortification to receive intelligence of 
the fall of that important fortress, accompanied with 
circumstances of atrocity, which have- stamped inde- 
lible infamy on the name of Tilly. The haughty and 
cruel conduct of the imperial commander soon brought 
the Elector of Saxony toa sense of his situation and 
true interest; and having joitied his forces to those of 
the King of Sweden, they ‘encountered the enemy un- 
der Tilly, at Breitenstein, near ‘Leipsic, on the 7th of 
September 1631. A. battle ensued; which terminated 
in the total discomfiture and rout of the Imperialists, 
The victorious King now, advanced along the Maine, 
as far.as the Rhine; foreed: the city of Mentz to capi- 
tulate ; drove the Spaniards out of Germany, and freed 
the Palatinate. He then turned his arms against Ba- 
varia ; and Tilly, who endeavoured to dispute with him 
the passage of the Lech, was again defeated, and pe- 
rished in the attempt. 
His loss was supplied by Wallenstein, who was now 
placed at the head of the imperial armies; and. com- 
menced his operations by driving the Saxons, out of 
Bohemia. Meanwhile Gustavus, pursuing his victori- 
‘ous career, had advanced into the heart of Bavaria; and 
made himself master of Munich. As he approached the 
Austrian dominions, Wallenstein hastened to. their re- 
lief, and compelled the king to retire. The two armies 
met at Nuremberg, and formed entrenched camps op- 
‘posite to each other, where they. remained inactive du- 
two months. It was the policy of Wallenstein to 
avoid a battle, in hopes that the Swedish army would 
‘be weakeried by famine and disease. At length the 
latter made a vigorous attempt' to storm the entrench- 
ments of the Imperialists ; but, for the first time since 
‘their landing in Germany, they received a severe check ; 
and, ‘after a fruitless exhibition of valour, Gustavus 
‘found himself compelled to retire, the whole of the 
neighbouring country being completely exhausted of 
provisions: He was followed into Saxony by Wallen- 
_ stein; and the two armies again met at the village of 
n, near Weissenfels. Here a sanguinary battle 
~ took place on the 6th of November 16532, which was 
‘fought with great skill, and with the most obstinate 
‘e, on both sides. The intrepidity and discipline 
_ of the Swedes, however, at length prevailed, and the 
- Imperialists were‘driven from the field. But the vic- 
tory was dearly purchased. Besides a great loss of 
GUSTAVUS. 
591 
men, the conquerors had to lament the death of their Gustavus 
adored king, who was killed by a musket shot while Adolphus 
gallantly amas 2 on his cavalry to a charge against the } 
roken ranks of the enemy. After the battle, his body Gusera 
was, found. lying near a large stone, which, in comme. ee 
moration of this circumstance, was called the Schweden- 
stein, (Swede stone,) and which still indicates the spot 
where the great vindicator of the religious liberties of 
Germany terminated his victorious career. Thus fell 
Gustavus Adolphus, in the thirty-eighth year of his 
age. The ball which inflicted the mortal wound en- 
tered his:back, and passed through his body. This 
circumstance, among others, excited a suspicion of 
treachery ; and the Duke of Saxe-Lawenburgh, one of 
his’ generals, who immediately afterwards left the Swe- 
dish service, has been expressly pointed out by some 
historians. as_ the) assassin of his royal commander. 
There is, however, no positive evidence of his guilt, 
and. the fact is to this day doubtful. 
Gustavus left behind him the character of a good 
Christian, agreat king, a prudent statesman, and a con- 
summate general. Amidst the operations of war, he 
did not neglect the cultivation of the sciences. He en- 
riched the university of Upsal, established a royal aca- 
demy, at Abo, and founded an university at Dorp in 
Livonia. Before his time, there were no regular troops 
in Sweden; but he formed and executed the project of 
having 80,000 men, constantly well armed, clothed, and 
dicighned: He was acknowledged to be the greatest 
captain of his time, and the bravest soldier in his army; 
and. the military art is indebted to his:genius for seve- 
ral great improvements. He formed his, cavalry into 
smaller subdivisions, which enabled them to move with 
greater ease and rapidity ; his order of battle was com- 
posed of two lines, (instead of one, according to the 
usual practice,) in order that the second might advance, 
in the event of the first being broken; and he was the 
first who demonstrated, in modern times, the im 
ance of a well-disciplined infantry, in the field. His 
own army was a perfect pattern of good order. The 
morals of his soldiers were to him an object of equal 
attention with their courage and military discipline. 
Temperance was commanded as a duty by the Swedish 
laws of war; excesses of every kind were severely pu- 
nished ; and every regiment mustered, morning and 
evening, around its chaplain, to perform their devotions 
in the open air; the king himself being always present 
upon those occasions, He endured .all the hardships 
and privations of war with the meanest of his army ; 
and never spared his —— in the hour of danger. 
He not only extended his dominions, and raised the 
reputation of Sweden abroad, but also turned his atten- 
tion to the constitution of his country, which he would 
probably have improved had he lived to return into his 
own kingdom. By his regulations, however, the suc- 
cession to the crown, which had been previously limit- 
ed to the male line, devolved upon his daughter Chris- 
tina, who was only six years old at the: period of her 
father’s death. See Harte’s Life of Gustavus Adolphus; 
Schiller’s History of the Thirty Years War; and the 
Gen. Biog, Dict. (#) 
GUSTAVUS I. and III. See Swepen. 
GUTTA Serena. See Surcery. 
GUTTEMBERG. See Pariytine. y 
GUZERAT, or Gusrat, a large province in Hin- 
dostan, situated principally between the 21st and 24th 
degrees of North Latitude, is about $20 miles in 
length, and 180 at its average breadth. Its south- 
west portion approaches the form of a peninsula, 
