of the ions, which take place in the exte 
gradations place in iets 
ler admitted, some reckoning them 18, others 15. In 
the following year, he published a systematic account 
of the plants in the botanic garden of Gottingen, which 
was republished nine years after in a more complete 
state, and contained a description of some new species. 
_ In1749, he published, in one work, a collection of in- 
sulated: remarks in botany, which he entitled Opuscula 
Botanica, Haller’s great-merit consisted in the versa- 
tility of his genius, which enabled him to pass rapidly 
from one subject to another, excelling equally in all. 
the year 1743 to 1753, he published annually a 
fasciculus of anatomical plates of the most remarkable 
dissections which occurred in the course of his labours. 
These were admired for the minute explanations and 
learned notes which accompanied them. 
In 1745, he published an ingenious argumentative 
discourse, De Feetiius Monstruosis, in which he main- 
tained that the original germs were in such instances 
defective, in opposition to the opinion that monstrosity 
was the effect of a derangement in the evolution of a 
germ originally perfect. 
_ In 1746, he announced his experiments on respira- 
tion, in which he established the identity of office of 
the two layers of intercostal muscles, and the whole of 
the doctrines regarding the mechanical part of that func- 
tion which have ever since been maintained, in opposi- 
tion to the vague and erroneous notions: which previ- 
~ ‘ousl necaiuiny 
“Haller, like most other eminent men of the medical 
rs was engaged in some warm disputes. Dr 
amberger, Van Swieten, De Haen, Albinus, and La- 
mettrie, were his antagonists. In these however, he 
generally displayed moderation. In the second edition 
of his Essay on Respiration, instead of accumulating re- 
joinders, and exposing afresh the weakness of the ar- 
guments of Hamberger, he suppressed every harsh ex- 
pression which the first edition contained. He had some 
physiological discussions with Dr Whytt of Edinburgh, 
- Lamure, Lecat, and Lorry, in the course of which can- 
dour and mutual an were on all sides observed. 
_ The subject.on which he displayed greatest origina- 
lity was irritability, which he considered as a. pro 
of animated bodies distinct from sensibility, and resi- 
ding in different organs. On this it et Dr Whytt 
of Edinburgh maintained with him a learned and in- 
‘structive controversy. Tlie latter undoubtedly had the 
4 oeaiehed in argument, without prejudice to the ge- 
nius which Haller displayed in the developement of his 
theory, and the command of temper with which he con- 
ducted the controversy. 
_ In 1749, he published his Prime linee Physiologic. 
This work maintained the pre-eminence as a text book 
in this department, long ater a multitude of improve- 
ments had been made in the science. In the composi- 
tion of it he did notindulge in theory, but exhibited 
facts with a rigorous exactness. He published new 
editions of various works in medicine, as well as in na- 
“tural science. It is in the prefaces to these works and 
to his own that he communicates knowledge in the 
most striking and engaging manner. ‘They are collected 
in one volume, entitled German Opuscula. 
_ Betwixt the years 1747 and 1756, he was employed 
in publishing a collection of dissertations, composed by 
various authors, on, anatomy in eight volumes, on sur- 
gery in five, and on the practice of medicine in seven. 
HALLER. 
607 
Besides the works now mentioned, Haller published Haller, 
various physiological dissertations betwixt the years 1736 =~" 
and 1753, which were of themselves sufficient to confer 
on him a high d of celebrity. Among these, was 
one on the circulation by which the substance of the 
heart'is supplied with blood for its own nutrition ; one 
on the form of the Eustachian valve at different periods 
of life; and one on the membrana decidua of the foetus. 
At Gottingen, he exerted himself in the formation of 
various useful institutions ; such as the College of Sur- 
geons, the Gottingen Society, a lying-in hospital sabs 
servient to the obstetrical branch of education, an ana« 
tomical museum, and a seminaty for instructing artists 
painting objects of anatomy, botany, and natural 
story. 
These exertions procured for M. de Haller a high de- 
gree of honourable fame, He was elected member of 
almost all the academies of Europe. It deserves to be 
mentioned, that the Academy of Upsal had the honour 
of taking the lead. -A learned society, which shews no 
tendency to precipitate admiration, deserves great cre- 
dit when it early distinguishes the buds of a just cele- 
brity, and bysits notice cherishes exertions which might 
otherwise in some measure languish. When on a visit 
to Berne, he was elected a member of the sovereign 
council of that republic. 
George II, took a lively interest in the splendid suc- 
cess of Haller. In 1739, he appointed him his first 
physician as elector of Hanover ; he gave him the title 
of aulic counsellor; and in 1749, procured for him let- 
ters of epee from the Emperor of Germany, creating 
him baron.’ Haller always, however, declined the title. 
More than one seminary of learning aspired to the 
honour of numbering him among their teachers. * Dil- 
lenius, professor of botany at Oxford, having before 
his death, which happened in, 1747, expressed a desire 
that he should’ be chosen his successor, an invitation 
was given him to fill that vacancy. The following year 
he was invited to succeed Albinus at Utrecht as chan- 
cellor to the university ; and ‘soon after, the King of 
Prussia offered him an eligible establishment at Berlin, 
with the presidentship of the Academy. But Haller 
‘did not so far indulge a roving ambition, as to accept of 
any of these honourable appointments. He thus testi- 
fied a grateful attachment to that university, the founder 
of which was the earliest to give him the honours best 
suited to gratify his wishes, and to afford scope for the 
full exercise of his great talents, He determined not 
to leave Gottingen for any place except his native coun« 
try. 
Tin 1753, finding his strength unequal to the labours 
of his situation, conjoined with the execution of the 
plans of writing which he meditated, he resolved tore- 
turn to Berne, to pass the remainder of his life. The 
seventeen years which he had spent at Gottingen, though 
brilliant in the eyes of Europe, and attended with much 
gratification to his own mind, were also marked with 
traces of affecting domestic vicissitudes. ‘Two years afs 
ter he had lost his wife in the ntanner already related, 
he married a second, who died a few months after 
marriage. He then married a third, who was his com- 
panion for the rest of his days. For thus consoling him- 
» self twice, after the death of the individual bound to 
him by the closest ties, he was subjected, as usually 
happens, to the censure of weak and vain persons, who 
affect ‘a character for sensibility, because their taste 
leads them to admire consistency in unhappiness in an 
object to which, with the eyes of critical amateurs, they 
occasionally turn their attention, and who demand for 
