620 
Hamburgh. port of its manufactured produce; 2dly, In the impor- 
“Yo tation of foreign merchandise ; and, 3dly, In the re- 
Manufac- 
tures, 
Bank of 
exportation of these last articles to different parts of the 
continent. The principal manufactures of this city, are 
the refining of sugar, the printing of cotton cloths, the 
manufacture of velvets and silk stuffs, of laces, metal 
buttons, knit stockings, sail cloth, &c. The establish- 
ments for the refining of sugar, which are very nume- 
rous, have been long flourishing, and are esteemed a- 
mong the best in Europe. It has been calculated that 
they produced daily 700 small loaves of sugar, of 
about 3} pounds weight, and 400 large loaves, from 
6 to 7 pounds. The raw sugar is procured chiefly from 
England, the earth used in purifying it from Rouen, 
anda great part of the manufactured article is exported 
to Russia.. The printing of cotton formerly employed 
twelve establishments, which gave occupation to 600 
workmen each ; but their number has been since great- 
ly reduced, in consequence of similar manufactories ha- 
ving been established in other countries. There are 
about twenty establishments for the manufacture of vel- 
vets and laces, which are exported to Russia and diffe- 
rent partsof Germany. The manufacture of silk stuffs and 
woollens is inconsiderable, and only for home consump- 
tion. That of knit stockings is of more importance. 
They are sent into the interior of Germany, and some 
occasionally to Italy. Dyeing forms another branchef 
the manufactures of Hamburgh, whose dyers are’ es- 
teemed the best in Germany. Besides its own manu- 
factures, Hamburgh imports from England, France, . 
Holland, Italy, &c. all sorts of rich silk stuffs, and the 
finest velvet brocades, besides fine cloths of all kinds, 
for the purpose of re-exportation. This city also ex- 
ports timber to a considerable amount annually, parti- 
cularly to France and Spain. é 
The number of vessels which entered the port of 
Hamburgh in 1791 was 1484; and the value of the im- 
' ports, for the same year, amounted to 112,554,026 
livres, or about £4,689,751 sterling. After the rai- 
sing of the blockade of the Elbe, the number of ship- 
ping which annually entered the port was calculated at 
from 1900 to 2000. The number of vessels belonging 
to the merchants of Hamburgh, and employed by them, 
amounted to about 400. 
The bank of Hamburgh was established in the year 
Hamburgh, 1619 upon the-same principles with that of Amster- 
dam. ’ It was intended asa general fund for the conves 
nience of the merchants, who, by means of this institu- 
tion, make and receive payment, without the interven- 
tion of specie, by a mere transfer in the books of the 
bank. The specie deposited consists of bank dollars 
and ingots of silver. This specie has no ordinary cir- 
culation ; consequently the fund always remains entire ; 
and the money of the bank thus serves as a standard 
for measuring the value of all other specie. © The bank 
closes every year, from the last day of December to the 
14th of January, for the purpose of balancing the books, 
It is under the direction of four of the principal per- 
sons of the city ; and no person is entitled to have an 
account with it who is not either a citizen or an inha« 
bitant. There are two kinds of money at Hamburgh ; 
real money, and money. of account; the latter bein 
partly real and partly imaginary. ‘The mark Jud. which . 
is equal to about 1s. 6d. of our money, is divided into 
sixteen shillings, and each shilling into twelve fennings, 
or pence. The rix-dollar contains three marks lub. It 
is called the rix-dollar current, which must not be con- 
founded with the rix-dollar of the bank ; the latter being 
sore valuable, and equal to about 4s, 10d. of our mo- 
HAMBURGH. 
ney. In general the money of the bank is worth from. 
15 to 20 per cent. more than the "current money, and 
the difference in exchange is called agio. Besides these, 
they have gold ducats, current at seven marks, more 
or less, and double ducats at fourteen marks. Foreign 
gold is also received at its intrinsic value, according to 
the rate of exchange, which is regularly advertised twice 
aweek. The bank receives payment in its own 
only. In the year 1725, the, magistrates of Hamburgh 
resolved to coin some new specie, which is called t 
new current money of Hamburgh, and consists of pieces 
of 1 and 2 marks, of eight shillings, or half a mark, 
four shillings, or a quarter mark, and several of smal 
ler denomination, conformable to the standard of the 
old dollar. | The agio for this specie, in exchange with 
the bank, was fixed at 16 per cent. A new bank was 
also established, at the same time, for the convenience 
of the town, which could not receive any money. but 
that coined by the city, the agio being regulated by a 
combination between the two banks. By these means, 
business is conducted with more ease and regularity. 
and the merchants are not liable to loss from the diffe-. 
rence of value in the several denominations. The usance, 
or course of exchange, is at fifteen days sight, for bills 
drawn on any part of Germany; a month’s date, for 
those drawn on France or on London; and two months 
for those drawn..on Venice, or on Spain or Portugal. 
There are twelve days of allowed, including the _ 
day of the bill’s falling due, the Sundays, and holidays. 
The chamber of marine insurance was instituted in 
fund, which was divided into 500 actions, or shares, of 
£100 each ; and the business has been conducted with 
the greatest success. There are also establishments for 
the other species of insurance. In the Lombard, or 
town pledge house, money is advanced, at an interest 
of six per cent. on every kind of goods and merchan- 
dise, without the intervention of a broker... When the 
time during which the sum was lent, has expired, the 
goods must be redeemed; otherwise they are sold for 
their value, and the excess is faithfully transmitted to 
the person to whom they belonged. By this institu- 
tion the town is said to gain about 150,000 crowns an- 
nually. 
The police of this city is admirable. There are few police. 
or no beggars in the streets, as the istrates take care 
to employ the indigent, who are able and willing to 
work, in the manufacture of knit stockings, and to send 
all vagabonds and sturdy beggars, who refuse to work, 
to the house of correction. e few who are incapable 
of labour are maintained by their respective parishes, 
The establishments for the poor, indeed, are nowhere 
more liberal or better administered, than at Hamburgh. 
They have a very large hospital for ophans, which pos- 
sesses a revenue amounting to between six and seven 
thousand pounds. There is also.a large hospital for the 
reception of poor infirm labourers, and another for aged 
and disabled searnen ; besides many smaller institutions 
for widowers and widows, &c. ; with two houses 
of correction, the Zucht-Haus, and the Spinn-Haus, in 
which malefactors are kept close at work with a spare 
diet. ; 
a citizen, therefore, is not a citizen of right, .but must 
purchase his franchise, A Hamburgher, or a stranger, 
who does not chuse to purchase the citizenship, must 
pay a stipulated sum annually to the town, to entitle 
im to engage in trade as a merchant, besides all the 
other duties and imposts to which the other citizens are 
1705. Six of the most wealthy merchants provided a of instx 
Citizenship, at Hamburgh, is personal. The son of Citizens 
