632 
Hannibal. deliver up Hannibal to the. Romans... This illustrious 
—v~" exile, however, anticipating such a demand, had_re- 
moved from the dominions of the Syrian monarch, and 
taken refuge with Prusias king of Bithynia, to whom 
he» rendered eminent. services in various wars, At 
length Flaminius arrived as an ambassador from Rome, 
for the ostensible purpose of requiring Prusias to de- 
- sist from hostilities against the king of Pergamus ; but 
principally with a view to induce him to betray his 
Carthaginian guest. The king, reluctantly,‘according to 
Plutarch, but readily, according to Livy, complied with 
the dishonourable proposal ; but Hannibal, who. re- 
sided,in the castle of Libyssa, upon learning that the 
lace was. surrounded by soldiers, resolved to die, rather 
than fall.into the power of his persecutors. Taking 
into his hand a poison which he had kept ready for such 
an exigence; “let us deliver Rome,” he said, “ ftom 
her perpetual fears and disgust, since she has not pa- 
tience to wait for the death of an old man.’ Then, 
having invoked the gods to take vengeance upon Pru- 
sias for his violation of hospitality, he swallowed the 
poison and expired.. He died at the age of 65 years, 
of which he had passed 36 in camps, and 13 in exile. 
He had little opportunity, therefore, to cultivate the mo- 
ral and civil virtues; though, perhaps, if impartially tried 
even by this test, he will be found, notwithstanding 
HANOVER. 
Hanover. FT anover is a kingdom of Europe, which was form- 
ed in 1815 out of the electorate of Hanover and the 
Boundaries. principality of Osnaburg. It is situated in the circle 
of Lower Saxony ; and is bounded on the north by the 
territory of Hamburgh, Holstein, and Mecklenburgh, 
the Elbe forming the line of demarcation as far as Ina- 
pesse; on-the north-east by, Prussia ; on the east by the 
duchies of Brunswick and Prussia; on the south by Hesse 
and Prussia ; on the west by the lands of Lippe, Hesse, 
Waldeck, and Prussia; on the north-west by the terri- 
tory of Bremen, and the possessions of the Duke of Ol- 
ders, and the territories of Aremberg and Looz, 
Hanover is of a very irregular form. It comprehends 
the duchies of Luneburgh-Zell, Bremen, Verden, and 
Saxe Lauenburg, on-the northern side of the Elbe ; 
the countries of Calenburg and Grubenhagen on the 
south ; those.of Diepholtz and Hoya on the west; and 
that of Danneberg on the, east. At the treaty of Ra- 
tisbon, Hanover lost the bailiwick of Wildehausen 5 but 
in 1802, it acquired the principality of Osnaburg. 
1..The principality or duchy of Luneburg-Zell, is 
bounded on. the north by the duchies of Lauenburg and 
Mecklenburg ; on the east by the electorate of Branden- 
burg and duchy of Brunswick ;.on the south by those 
of Brunswick and Calenburg ; and on the west by the 
circle of Westphalia. The Elbe forms the north and 
north-east boundary. It is from 75 to 80 miles from 
north to south, and from 60 to.70 from east to west. It 
contains 200 parishes and 27 towns. It possesses some 
fruitful.marsh lands along the Elbe, the Aller, and the 
Jetze; but towards the centre and. northern parts, it is 
sandy, heathy, and barren... The principal towns are 
Lunesure, Harsure; Zen, Helzen, Danneberg, and 
Lucho. See p. 635. 
2. The duchy of Bremen, is. bounded by Holstein, 
Luneburg, Verden, and Westphalia. It is about 65 to 70 
miles long from horth to south, and 45 to 50 from east 
Duchy of 
Luneburg. 
Duchy of 
Bremen, 
HANNIBAL. 
wg) 
the shocking portrait drawn of him by Livy, to have Hannil 
been by no means inferior to the great body of con. ™ 
querors in ancient times, or even to his celebrated . 
ment Scipio Africanus. Neither Plutarch nor Poly. 
ius makes any mention of that cruelty, perfidiousness, 
and irreligion, with which he has been charged. In 
point of military talents, he may be pronounced to 
stand in the foremost rank ; and all the qualities which 
make a complete general, have not been more constant« 
ly and conspieuously manifested in the conduct of any 
captain of antiquity, than in that of Hannibal. He ap« 
, especially, to have surpassed them. all in the ta- 
ent of forming brave and disciplined soldiers ; though 
he was opposed by troops consisting chiefly of Roman 
legions, warriors by choice and education, he was vic« 
torious, even over superior numbers, in every battle 
except his last ; and that with an army, which he had 
in a great measure renewed in conquered countries, 
which he had collected from various nations differi 
in manners and age, and which he preserved at. ~ 
tached to his interests in the midst of privations and re- 
verses. See Nepos, Livy, Plutarch, Polybius ; Rollin’s 
Ancient History, vol. vii.; Ferguson’s Hi of the 
Roman blic, vol, iii. ; Abbé de St Pierre’s Life of 
Scipio Africanus ; and Hooke’s Rom, Hist. vol. iv. and 
to west. The Marschland, or low country, on the rivers Hano 
Oster, Weser, and Elbe, is fertile, but liable to inun- 
dations. The Geestland, or high country, is in some 
places fruitful, and has its heaths covered with sheep. 
In this duchy, are 2 cities, 12 market towns, 22,276 
taxable hearths, 118 Lutheran churches, and 28 noble 
jurisdictions. The principal towns are Bremen, Stave, 
uxtehude, Closter Seven or Zeven. 
8. The duchy of Verden, which has a peninsular form, Duchy o 
lies on the right bank of the Weser between Bremen V&é 
and Luneburg. The extent from north to south and 
from east to west, is from 25 to 30 miles. It is an ele- 
vated, heathy, and dry country, traversed by the rivers 
Aller and Wumme, . Its principal towns are VerpEn, 
Rottenburg, and Languedal. 
4. The duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, is bounded by Duchyo 
Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Luneburg, and the territo- Saxe-La 
ries of Lubeck and Hamburgh, The country is level, °?™8 
and in some places fertile. It yields considerable quan- 
tities of wood and flax, and exports, rye, butter, cheese, 
wool, wood, and fish, The small rivers Belle, Stecken- 
itz, &c. which fall into the Elbe, water the southern part 
of the duchy, The come fH lakes are those of Ratze- 
burg and Schall ; and the chief towns Rarzesure, Lau-~ 
enburg, and Mollen, : ; 
5. The principality of Calenburg is situated in the Princ 
south-west corner of Lower Saxony, and is cut into two ‘st 
arts by a part of the principality of Wolfenbuttel. "5 
The northern part is bounded by Luneburg, Hildesh- 4 
eim, Pyrmont, Lippe, Schauenburg, Hoya, and Min- 
den; and the southern part by Wolfenbuttel, Gru~ 
benhagen, Eichfeld, and Lower. Hesse. It is about 48 
leagues long, and from 6 to 10 broad. The Weser, 
which forms part of the western boundary, is every 
where navigable. . The country is in some places hilly, 
and in others marshy and sandy, and nowhere very fer- 
tile. The principal hills, are the Deister, Suntel, and 
