ald. The principality contains 36 towns, and 
1 churches.. It is divided into three quarters, viz. 
. The quarter of Hanover, which contains 11 towns, 
ies, 6 convents, 81 manors, and 212 villages, The 
chief towns are Hanover, Munder, Wunstorf, Pattensen, 
Magen, &c. 2. The quarter of Hameln and Lauenau, 
which contains 13 towns, and 128 villages. The prin- 
cipal towns are Hameun, and Bodenwarden. 3. The 
Gotti quarter, which contains 15 royal bailiwicks, 
11 noble jurisdictions, 12 towns, 8 convents, and 180 
villages. The chief towns are Gorrincen, Norpuer, 
Monpen, Dransfeld, Moringen, Uslar, and Hardegsen. 
lity 6. The principality of Grubenhagen, is bounded by 
en- Calenberg, Wolfenbuttel, Wernigerode, Blankenburg, 
Hohenstein, and Eichfeld. The greater part of this 
incipality is mountainous, and covered with woods. 
Lo ag however, some fruitful plains, where consi- 
-derable quantities of flax are raised. Grubenhagen 
contains a part of the famous chain of the Hartz, The 
principal minerals which it contains, are slates, alabas~ 
ter, marble, rock salt, calamine, sulphur, lead, copper, 
iron, silver, and gold. For an account of the sen Ac 
of the mines, see p. 634. Gru contains 9 
small towns, 44 parochial churches, and 7000 taxable 
hearths. The chief towns are Einbeck and Osterde, 
which are described in p. 635. 
7. The county of Diepholtz is bounded on the north 
Delmenhorst and Bremen, on the east by Hoya, on 
the south by Minden, and on the west by Osnaburg and 
Munster. It is 25 miles long from north to south, and 
10 to 14 from east to west. This county consists of 
heaths, moors,*and pasture lands ; and the people are 
chiefly employed in breeding cattle, and manufacturing 
coarse linens. - It contains ten parishes, and five towns, 
the principal of which are Diepholtz and Lemforde. 
8. The county of Hoya is bounded on the north by 
Delmenhorst, Bremen, and Verden, on the east by Lu- 
neburg and Calenburg, on the south. by Minden, and 
on the west by Minden and Diepholtz. It is 25 to 30 
miles from north to south, and 30 to 33 from west to 
east. The soil is chiefly sandy; but there are some 
fruitful tracts, which produce wheat, barley, and flax. 
Some parts are heathy, and others fit for pasture. It 
contains 54 parishes, and 100 towns and villages, the 
chief of which are Hoya, Drakenburg, Nienburg, Lie- 
benau, Sublingen, Harpstedt, &c. : 
9. The principality of Osnaburg is bounded on the 
north and south by Munster, on the east by Hoya, 
Minden, and Ravensberg, on the west by Techlenburg 
and Lingen. It is about 43 miles long from north to 
south, and 32 from west to east. The river Hase tra~ 
verses it from north to south. Nearly one half of the 
county consists of heathy and barren land. Rye and 
flax are its chief produce. It contains seven towns, the 
rincipal of which are Osnaburg, Iburg, Furstenau, 
uackenbruck, Vorden, and Wiedenbruck. See Os- 
NABURG. : 
Hanover comprehends 107 bailiwicks. The country 
is intersected by a great number of rivers and stream-~ 
lets, and is in general extremely marshy. ‘The princi- 
pal rivers are the Elbe towards the north, the Weser 
and the Leine on the west, and the Aller and the Ilme- 
nau in the centre of the kingdom. The chief lakes are 
those of Diepholtz and Stinhuder. The Aller rises in 
the duchy of Magdeburg; and, after traversing the 
southern parts of Lunebourg-Zell, it falls into the We- 
ser below Verden. _ The Leine rises in Eichfeld, runs 
northward through the eastern part of Calenburg, and 
VOL, X. PART Il. 
HANOVER. 
633 
falls.into the Aller, ~ The lake of Diepholtz is called Manover. 
the Drummer-see, and though very extensive is ex. “"Y7— 
tremely shallow. 
The climate is by no means good, The temperature (isn ste, 
is very variable. The winters are rigorous, and frosty 
days often intervene between the greatest heats of sum- 
mer. A north-west wind commonly blows during the 
cold season, an east wind in ing, and a south-west 
wind in summer. The pasar SH are catarrhs, 
intermittent and nervous fevers, phthisis, apoplexy, 
and When July is very warm, dysenteries are 
peculiarly malignant. The epidemics are of a rheuma« 
tic nature, and consumptions are very fatal. 
The Hartz mountains are the most considerable in Mountaina 
the kingdom. See Hartz. The mountains which se- 
parate the west and south of Hanover from the prin- 
cipality of Hesse are either of a calcareous or basaltic 
nature, and consist of large pyramidal blocks, which 
furnish excéllent stones for mending the roads, and 
paving the streets. 
Very little progress has been made in improving the 
heaths and the marshy grounds of Hanover. A few 
fertile spots are occasionally seen in the midst of bar- 
ren wastes, although, by a little judicious management, 
a great part of the soil might be brought under cultiva- 
tion. Nearly one half of the land is covered with weeds ; 
a fifth part of the arable fields is employed in pastu- 
e; and of the parts from which grain is raised, a 
third is occupied by peas and beans, a fourth by wheat, 
rye, and buckwheat, a fifth by barley, and a sixth 
by oats. On the sandy lands good potatoes are pro- 
duced. Notwithstanding the general sterility of the 
country, there are many fertile and populous vallies on 
the banks of the Elbe and the Weser. The duchy of 
Saxe Lauenberg is completely cultivated, owing to a 
wise agreement between the seigneurs and the ts 
to relinquish some mutual privileges. The grain raised 
in Hanover is not sufficient for the consumption of the 
inhabitants ; but though the pasturage is not luxuriant, 
they export a considerable number of horses to France, 
Italy, and Saxony. If the operation of draining were 
extensively carried on, Hanover might supply Ger- 
many, Holland, and France with a sufficient num~ 
ber of horses and black cattle. The wool is of a very 
bad quality. It is used in Belgium in the manufacture 
of coarse cloth, and the Hanoverians work it into a 
tolerably good looking stuff. Several rams of the Merino 
breed have, however, been imported from Upper Sax~ 
ony; and the wool has thus greatly ameliorated. 
The cows are neither large nor beautiful. They are 
generally of a black and white, or a white and fawn 
colour. In order to mates the breed, bulls are 
brought from Holland. The Hanoverian goats are very 
poor, and few in number. The oxen are of a middle 
size, and make excellent beef, the pork is good, and 
the mountain mutton is highly esteemed. Flax is more 
abundant than hemp throughout the kingdom, and it 
is the chief occupation of the females to spin it in the 
winter evenings. a 
The natural history of this country is in no respects \ 
interesting. Boars and deers are much less numerous pis.ory, 
than formerly ; and, during the last century, wolves 
have been extremely rare. The last bear was killed at 
Hartz about the beginning of the 18th century. Roe- 
bucks and hares are excellent, but rabbits are very 
scarce. .Thrushes, partridges, skylarks, wild-ducks, 
heathcocks, and a small species of tetran, are very nu- 
merous. -‘The rivers do or produce a great variety of 
L 
Diseases. 
Agriculture 
‘ancl 
