634 
Hanover. fish, but the markets are well supplied with turbot, 
—"—" perch, carp, pike, and large eels. The streams that 
Minerals. 
Govern- 
ment. 
Provincial 
states. 
Laws, 
issue from the Hartz, and other wooded mountains, 
abound with a small trout of exquisite flavour. The 
mineral waters of Limmer are much frequented. The 
hot baths of Limmer are built of grey stone, firmly 
cemented and fixed in the ground. The descent is by 
four steps, with a ballustrade. A bench 5 inches broad 
serves for a seat, and it has a fir back, in order to pre- 
vent a sudden shock from the cold stone before it has 
acquired the temperature of the water. The charge 
for each bath is a frane. $ 
The minerals of this country are rich and numerous : 
They consist of silver, copper, lead, iron, cobalt and 
zine, with marble slate, coal, turf, and limestone. 
Boracite has been found in the Kalkberg and Stauro- 
lite at Andreasberg in the Hartz. The annual produce 
of the mines of the Hartz which belong to Hanover, is 
reckoned at 1,172,733 rixdollars. The annual pro- 
duce of the lead mine called Caroline, is 194,000 rix- 
dollars. See the article Harrz. 
The territory of Hanover is governed by a regency 
composed of seven. ministers. Four of these reside in 
Hanover, the capital; and the fourth, who presides 
over the law department, the police, and the high 
court of appeal, resides at Zell. The sixth, who is at 
the head of the College of Nobles, likewise presides 
over the subordinate regency of Bremen and Verden, 
which is held at Stade; and the seventh has a pers 
manent establishment in the court of the electoral king. 
This regency possesses regal power, and decides in 
all matters on which the provincial states are not en+ 
titled to interfere. It communicates with these assem- 
blies in the same manner as the elector himself, and 
superintends all the departments of the government. 
There is a subordinate regency for the bailiwicks of 
Lauenburg, which sits at Ratzeburg, and another for 
the principality of Osnaburg, which sits at Osnaburg. 
The provincial states of the kingdom consist of the 
prelates of the equestrian order, and the magistrates 
of cities. The priests are of the first rank, the nobles 
are of the second, and the magistrates of the third rank. 
the duty of the states is to watch over the liberties of 
the people, and the different orders of the eitizens,—to 
enforce a regular administration of the laws,—and to 
superintend the distribution of the public money. No 
tax can be levied without their consent, and every new 
law must have their sanction. 
The Roman and public law, the constitution of the 
empire, the bulls of the emperors, and the particular 
constitutions of the different provinces of which Ha- 
nover is composed, are precedents by which the magis« 
trates are guided in their political, civil, and criminal 
judgments. The high court of appeal sits at Zell, and 
the minister is bound to consult the regency in cer- 
tain difficult cases. The decisions of this court have 
always been highly respected. When M. Wrisberg 
was its president, George II. one day said to him, 
“¢ How does it happen that I lose every process that I 
bring before your tribunal?” « Sire,” replied the pre- 
sident, « It is because your Majesty is always in the 
wrong.” « M. de Wrisberg,” replied the king, « you 
speak to me like @ magistrate.” Capital punishments 
are very rare in Hanover. The principal punishments 
are fine, reprimand, detention in a house of eorrection, 
imprisonment, or compulsion to labour for a limited 
period. - Breaking on the wheel is still practised in this 
country, but it is always preceded by strangulation. 
HANOVER. 
Every sentence, however, ‘whichi inflicts this punish- Hi 
ment, must be submitted to the deliberation of the re- 
gency. Public works, where the criminals labour, are f 
established in five of the principal cities: the more 
hardened are sent we » and P oct 
ries of Luneburg. use of preparatory torture 
said to remain eee 
The revenues of the kingdom are derived principal- 
ly from a tax on Jand,—from a contributioi ‘tread the 
peasantry in money, grain, and labour on the roads,— 
from a poll tax from the different classes of ci - 
from duties on cattle, on the 
on mills, leases, horses, and public carriages, and con- 
siderable sums are obtained from tythes,—from tolls on 
the transit of goods,—from the custom-house, the 
forests,. fisheries, game-laws, the mines of Hartz, 
the coinage of money, and the postage of letters. The 
total amount of the revenues has been estimated at 
£962,500 sterling. The national debt is considerable, 
and was principally: contracted to support the seven 
years war. ‘ 
Hanover has 10 garrison towns, viz. Hanover, Mun- milit 
den, Zell, Luneburg, Nienburg, Stade, stat 
Ratzeburg, and Osnaburg. The works of Hameln and 
Harburg are the most considerable. The fortifications 
tion of new works. The mili 
— towns enjoy no rank in the army. The fol- 
owing is the military force :— 
Verfanitany cosdso-seisa 1008 say r0jcdteni 4hs RS 
Cavalry Fries id isislats ene oletidye-ep BOO 
Artillery 6:4) sie::ie:' fore lei she vi. TE 
Corps of engineers ........ 95 
Militians!..°H a0; «oats <isitours ean, HbOO 
22,881 
The soldiers are all Hanoverians. The cavalry is ge- 
nerally composed of the sons of farmers, and the mili- 
tia consists of pensioners who have served 25 years in 
the army. They have the same organization, equip- 
ment, and clothing as the regular . Theo 
tions of the commander in chief are subordinate to the 
regency. Every soldier has a right to demand his dis- 
charge after 20 years service, and he is entitled toa 
ension according to his rank. The number of inva~ 
Fias amounts to 7000. No British subjects are employ- 
ed in the Hanoverian army. The cannon fe is at 
Hanover. It is situated on the glacis of the city, on the 
side next the road leading to Zell. The only manufac- 
tory of small arms is one at Hertzberg, which enjoys 
much reputation in'Germany. The best ht sta is 
made at Hersen near Hameln. The manufacture of 
cannon and of powder are beth carried on by private 
individuals. 
Hanover contains about 750 parishes, with seven Ec 
superintendants. The people are divided into Jews “4! uate 
and Christians, and the Christians into Catholics, Calvi- 
nists, and Lutherans. Before the union of Osnaburg the 
Jews were the most numerous sect next to the Lutherans. 
The Jews are the principal bankers in the large cities, 
and they keep butchers’ shops in the small vi 
’ The Lutheran is the established religion. The su- 
reme consistory, com of some of the most en- 
ightened citizens, has the right of superintending all 
ion of luxuries, 
and on salt, coals, and turf. Taxes are also levied 
