“HANOVER. 
% the other sects, The Lutheran clergy are supported 
” by a portion of the property which once belonged to 
he Catholic church ; but the greatest part of it is ap- 
Sey for the university of Gottingen, the lyceum 
of Hefeld, and other public institutions. The ministers 
of the other sects receive a small sum from government, 
and derive the rest of their income from their parishion- 
ers. The Calvinists are few in number, and there are 
only a very few Roman Catholics in the kingdom. 
regular system of instruction was adopted in Ha- 
nover after the — 1750, in consequence of the libera- 
lity of M. Botticher, who endowed a seminary for school- 
masters in the city of Hanover. The electoral regency 
did all in its power to promote the objects of this institu- 
tion; and, in order to combine practical with moral and li- 
terary knowledge, the children of both sexes were taught 
to sew, § oe ~ the ee or secondary schools 
are taught y, history, drawing, the French and 
Bedha langesges together with eo tinnents of geo- 
metry. In the academies, or schools of the third order, 
are taught antiquities, and the Latin, Greek, and other 
languages. Academies of this kind are established at 
Zell, Clausthal, Einbeck, Hameln, Hanover, Harburg, 
Ultzen, Hefeld, Gottingen, Bremen, Luneburg, Min- 
den, Nordheim, Osterode, Stade, and Verden, Besides 
these academies, there are establishments at Hanover 
and Luneburg for the education of the young nobility 
of both sexes, from the period of eight to fifteen years 
of age. The Georgianum, an establishment of this 
kind, was founded in May 1796, for the education of 
40 pupils, who must be the sons of Hanoverian nobles. 
Every pupil pays at his entrance about 95 Thalers, or 
nearly £16 sterling; and 15 of those whose parents 
ean afford it, pay the additional sum of 120 Thalers. 
They are all boarded, clothed, and taught at the ex- 
nce of the establishment. Their dress is a blue uni- 
* form, faced with searlet. They are admitted at the age 
of 10, and as soon as they have received a suitable edu- 
eation, they may either enter into the military service, 
or pursue their studies at the university of Gottingen, 
in order to fit themselves for any other profession. 
Those who enter into.any regiment receive 260 thalers 
for their equipment out of the funds of the institution ; 
andthe mest distinguished of the pupils, who are sent 
to Gottingen, enjoy an annual income of 300 thalers 
during their three years residence at the univerity. Be- 
longing to the institution is an excellent library, a col- 
lection of natural and artificial curiosities, and a 
philosophical apparatus. Primary schools are establish- 
ed in every village ;. while.schools for the classics and 
the ‘elements. of the sciences are founded in all the 
principal tewns. The university of Gottingen is pro- 
vided with 42 professors... See.GorTINGEN. 
Hanover is.very far from being a commercial country. 
At the four fairs .which are-held annually at Hanover, 
and the-two at Osnaburg, are exposed to sale the com- 
modities which have been purchased at the fairs of 
Brunswick, Leipsick, and Frankfort. “They consist 
chiefly of earthen-ware, agricultural and handicraft im- 
plements, pins, needles, coarse linen drapery, baskets, 
coarse stuffs, lace, thread, ribbons, and toys. Articles 
of English merchandise are brought from Hamburgh, 
Emden, Bremen, and Brunswick; and the linens of 
Friesland and .of Prussia, and the cloths, silks, and 
jewels of France, -are also met with in Hanover. 
A great deal of _— and table linen is manufactured 
in Hanover. At/Osnaburg the most common employ- 
ment is spinning flax, which is afterwards wrought u 
into’ damask, greatly inferior to that of Prussia ani 
635 
Friesland. The greater part of it is sold at home ; but 
in times of peace, the surplus is exported, through the 
Hanse towns, to North America and the Spanish colo- 
nies. Very little hemp is raised in Hanover. ‘Their 
domestic linens are principally made of flax, which is 
never spun sufficiently fine to be made into lawns or 
cambrics. ‘There are also manufactories for coarse cloth 
and. paper, several tanneries, and some glass-houses ; 
and a manufactory for iron and copper utensils at Hartz. 
The coarse cloths are principally used by the poor, and 
for clothing the army. The paper is inferior to the 
Dutch and French papers. One half of the leather, 
which is not good, is consumed in the kingdom, and 
the other half exported to Saxony and Belgium. The 
best glass is made in the bailiwick of Lauinstein. The 
manufacture of iron articles at Hartz is said by Man- 
gourit to be superior to any thing of the kind carried 
on in France. Silver plate, jewellery, gold and silver 
lace, embroidery, and saddlery, are made at Hanover. 
Diamonds are set in a very superior manner, and the 
artists also cut white, yellow, or red amber globes, with 
facets for ear-rings, necklaces, and bracelets, which are 
bought by the Jews, and sold at an enormous profit. 
he principal articles of export, are horses, black 
cattle, wax, lead, linens, leather, salt, oats, barley, thread, 
the iron and copper of Hartz, the turf of Bremen, and 
planks of timber. The two last articles are bought by 
the merchants of the hanse and maritime cities. 
The principal towns in the kingdom of Hanover, are 
Hanover, Gottingen, Bremen, Osnaburg, Stade, Ratze- 
burg, Munden, Zell, Hameln, Klausthal, Einbeck, Har- 
burg, Ultzen, Lauenburg, Mollen, Hefeld, Nordheim, 
Osterode, Verden, and Nienburg. 
Einbeck, or Einbike, the capital of the principality of 
Grubenhagen, is a walled and fortified town, situated 
in a fertile territory at the confluence of the Im, Krume-~ 
wasser, and Leine, near the borders of Calenburg. Be- 
sides ramparts, bulwarks, and towers; it has moats and 
outworks, Considerable quantities of woollen cloth 
are made here, and it has several breweries. Its 
population is 4500. Osterode, containing 4000 in- 
habitants, is situated six hagues east of Einbeck, at 
the conflux of the Sole and Apenke. It has an an- 
cient castle ; and a manufacture of camblets, besides 
quarries and mills, and lime-kilns. Nordheim, erect- 
ed into a town in 1252, is situated on the Ruhme, 
which here divides itself into two branches, a few miles 
above their influx into the Leine. The organ of the pa- 
rish church is famous for its immense size. ‘Tobacco is 
cultivated in the neighbourhood, and it has several flou- 
rishing manufactures. Near this town a sulphureous 
spring was discovered in 1804, and baths have been 
erected at the house of the woodkeeper. It contains 
‘8000 inhabitants. Ultzen, or Uelzen, is a trading town, 
consisting of 330 houses, situated on the Ilmenau, at the 
confluence of several small streams. It had formerly a 
t trade in flax, linens, wool, wax, and butter; but it 
is now on the decline. Verden has a fine cathedral, with 
very interesting monuments, and a population of 4000. 
Danneberg is'a decayed town of 160 houses, with a ruin- 
ous castle on an eminence, watered by the Tetze. The 
chief export is beer. Nienburg is situated on the Saale, 
in Upper Saxony, but near the borders of Lower Saxony, 
it has a fine stone bridge over the Weser. It contains a 
palace erected out of a convent of monks, and is cele- 
brated for a kind of beer like English ale. For an ac- 
count of the other towns, see Bremen, Gorrincen, Ha~ 
mein, Hanover, Harsoure, Kiaustuat, Lunesure, 
Munpen, Osnasurc, Rarzesurc, Stave, ZeLuk. 
Hanover 
Articles of 
export, 
Principal 
towns, 
Einbeck, 
Osterode, 
Nordheim. 
Ultzen. 
Verden, 
Danneberg. 
Nienburg. 
