HAV 
hing, large oven, each quantity of eggs consisting at a me- 
ah. dium of from 2000 to 3000, and the Seine were 
" made at different seasons. At an average the pro- 
~~ duet did not exceed one in six, while in trying natural 
( incubation ut the same time about twoxthi 3 of the 
were hatched. The dryness of the internal air 
proved injurious, and chickens of larger size were pro- 
cured, by obtaining an artificial humidity from the eva- 
poration of water in vessels. 
It is generally understood, that chickens hatched in 
this way are not equal in strength and size to those pro- 
cured by the regular process of nature; many are maim- 
' ed, and it is said that monstrosities are frequent. 
' When the young brood has escaped, the heat of the 
‘oven may be reduced to 95° or 90°, and they may be 
_ fed, though they can subsist a day or two without meat. 
They may then be consigned in great numbers ,to the 
care of capons, trained on purpose. But as capons are 
very rare in this country, and as on the continent it 
‘was found more convenient to prosecute the process 
without the intervention of other animals, artificial mo- 
thers have been contrived. These.are of different kinds, 
‘but one of the best is a low cage, of twoor more stages, 
* stuffed within, and lined with feathers: or there is ano- 
ther equally useful, consisting merely of two opposite 
shelves, near the ground, stuck over with feathers be- 
low, under which the animals may creep at pleasure. 
See Reaumur Art de faire eclore et d'Llever en toute 
saison des Oiseaux Domestiques ; and Ornithotrophie Ar- 
tificielle ou art de faire eclore et d’Elever la Volaille par 
le moyen d'un chaleur Artificielle. (c) 
HAVANNAH is the principal town in the island of 
Cuba. It is situated on the north coast of the island, 
‘Rbout 45 leagues from Cape Sable, and 80 coastwise from 
St Antonio, in a fertile and agreeable tract. It.is built 
in a. semicircular shape, the shore forming the chord, 
and is nearly two miles in circuit. The town is, upon 
the whole, regularly built, but the squares are irregu- 
Tar, and the streets narrow; some of the principal ones 
being F aya with iron-wood, which is very durable. 
‘Near the middle of the town is a spacious square enclo- 
_ sed by uniform buildings, The houses are disfigured 
‘with heavy balconies and wooden railings, and are by no 
‘means elegant. The town contains 11 handsome and 
richly ornamented churches, two hospitals, and other 
public buildings. The Recollects church has 12 beauti- 
ful chape]s, and in the monastery are cells for 50 fathers, 
The church of St Clara has seven altars, adorned with 
plate ; and the nunnery contains 100 women and ser- 
‘vants. The church of the Augustines has 13 altars, 
and that of St Juan.de Dios 9. The arsenal.is a very 
superb edifice. The harbour, which is about a league 
in breadth, is capable of containing all the navies of 
Europe ; and it is so safe that they could lie without 
cable or anchor. ‘There is generally a depth of six 
fathoms of water inthe bay. This harbour is strongly 
fortified, both by nature and art. The entrance to it 
is through a very narrow channel, about 1200 yards 
+ long, and confined by rocks. The entrance is guarded 
by platforms.and various works, mounted with artillery. 
. The mouth of the channel is also defended by two 
strong forts. The fort on the east side, situated on a 
rock, is called the Morro. Itis of a triangular form, 
and is fortified with bastions and 40 pieces of cannon. 
The other fort on the west side, and adjoining to the 
» town, is of a square form, and is called the Punta. The 
other forts are El Fuerte, a square fort, mounting 22. 
Pieces of cannon, the battery of the 12 apostles, and the 
‘shepherd's battery monnsng ys guns. As the town can 
only be attacked on the landside, it is strongly defended 
, 659 
HAV 
in that quarter ; but the forts are commanded by seve- Harannah. 
lly take “Y= 
ral eminences, of which an enemy would re 
advantage. The Punta, the El Fuerte, and in a great 
measure the Morro, are commanded’ by the Cavannas, 
on a part of which the Morro is built. The north side 
of the eminence on which the church of the suburb call- 
ed Guadaloupe is built, flanks the Punta gate, while its 
south-east side commands the dock-yard, [t is said 
that the works cover such a vast extent, that 15,000 
men, who are the most that could be employed, are 
not sufficient to invest them. There are no fewer than 
$00 cannon mounted on all the works. An enemy’s 
squadron can only anchor at the foot of the castle of St 
John D’Ulua, This celebrated fort contains no other 
water but that of the cisterns, which have lately under- 
gone a great improvement, haying been subject to split, 
rom the discharge ’of artillery. The town was taken 
by the Buccaneers, under Captain Morgan, in 1669, 
and on the 13th Angust 1762 by the English, under 
Lord Albemarle and Sir George Pocock. The Morro 
was in this case taken by storm. It was, however, re- 
stored to Spain, at the peace of Paris in 1763. 
The Havannah is the most important of the Spanish 
settlements in America, and is considered as the key 
-of the West Indies. All the ships that came from the 
Spanish settlements, and formerly the galleons and 
ota, assembled at the Havannah. 
There ave large dock-yards at the Havyannah for 
building ships. of war. The masts, the iron work, and 
the cordage, are brought from Europe. The other ma- 
terials are obtained in abundance in the island. 
The trade of the Havannah consists in skins, tobacco, 
wood, sugar, dry confections, and generally of all the 
productions of the island of Cuba. Humboldt gives 
the following statement of the trade of the Havannah: 
Exportation in native produce eight millions of pias- 
tres, of which 31,600,000 kilogrammes (69,678,000 Ib, 
avoirdupois), or 6,320,000 piastres in sugar (valuing 
the chest of sugar at 40 piastres), 525,000 kilogram- 
mes (1,157,625 lb. avoirdupois), or 720.000 peseenee 
in wax (the arroba at 18 piastres), 625,000 ki - 
mes (1,378,125 lb. avoirdupois), or 250,000 piastres 
in coffee (the arroba at five piastres). The exportation 
of sugar, which was next to nothing before 1760, 
amonnted in 1792 to 14,600,000 kilogrammes, in 1796 
to. 24,000,000 of kilogrammes, and from 1799 to 1803, 
at an average, to 33,200,000 kilogrammes annually, 
In 1802 the harvest of sugar was so abundant, that the 
exportation rose to 40,880,000, kilogrammes (90,040,400 
Ib. avoirdupois); so that this branch of trade has 
been almost.tripled in ten years. The customs of the 
Havannah amounted, between 1799 and 1803, at an 
average, to 2,047,000 piastres annually ; and in 1802 
they exceeded 2,400,000 piastres. ‘The total amount 
of the. trade is 20,000,000 piastres. 
On the 19th January 1796, the city of the -Havannah 
was honoured with the remains of the illustrious navi- 
tor Columbus. In consequence of an order contained 
in his will, his body was remoyed from the Carthusian 
convent of Seville, and deposited along with the chains 
with which he had been loaded at Cuba, on the ri ht of 
the high altar of the cathedral of St Domingo. hen 
this island was ceded to the French, his descendants 
directed that the brass coffin, in which the whole was 
contained, should be removed to the Havannah, which 
was done on the 19th January 1796. The coffin was 
carried down to the harbour in procession, and under 
the fire of the forts, was put on board a brig, which 
conveyed. them to the Havannah, where it was deposi- 
ted without any monument. The city is supplied with 
