HA W 
“Hawick. the discussion of questions connected with agricul- 
“= ture. It is composed of most of the respectable far- 
mers, and several of the landed proprietors of the dis- 
trict. This club holds its meetings regularly on the 
first Thursday of every month. It is believed it was 
the first association of the kind established in Scotland, 
and it has the merit-of having originated many very 
important improvements connected with agriculture. 
There is here a weekly market on the Thursday, and 
four annual fairs, which fall on the 17th May, 17th Ju- 
ly, 21st September, and 8th November, besides a cattle 
tryst at which considerable numbers of black cattle are 
presented for sale in passing from Falkirk tryst to 
Newcastle and Carlisle fairs. In 1811, the population 
of the town amounted to 3036, and the town contain- 
ed 349 inhabited houses. Since that time no census 
has been taken, but the population and number of 
houses during the last five years has very considerably 
increased ; and at present in 1816, (including the po- 
pulation of Damside in the adjoining parish of Wilton, 
which may be reckoned the suburbs of the town,) it is 
estimated to exceed 4000. There are in the town three 
‘skinneries, one tannery, and two breweries ; and a very 
considerable trade is carried on in the manufacture of 
carpets, lambs wool stoekings, Scots blankets, thongs, 
and gloves. The manufacture of lambs wool stockings, 
in particular, from the introduction of machinery, has of 
late years made very rapid progress, and is still on the in- 
crease ; it was firstbegun in 1771. In 1791, there.were 
manufactured only 3505 pairs of lambs wool stockin 
and 594. pairs of cotton, thread, and worsted hose. The 
number of persons then employed .in the trade was 14 
men, and 51 women who were chiefly employed in spin- 
ning the yarn. The yarn, however, is now all spun 
by machinery. There are at present employed for this 
purpose 7 carding mills, which all go by water, con- 
taining 44 engines, or scribbling and carding machines, 
100 spinning jennies, and upwards of 500 stocking 
frames. The greatest part of the spinning jennies are 
at present wrought by the hand; but jennies of a new 
construction, to go by water, have, within the last 
twelve months, been introduced with success.into four 
of the carding mills, The quantity of wool annually 
spun into yarn.is upwards of 12,000 stones of 24 Ibs, 
to,the stone, three fifths of which are manufactured in- 
to stockings, andthe other two fifths sold in yarn to 
manufacturers in other parts of the country for the 
purpose of being made into stockings. The quantity 
of stockings annually made by the manufacturers in the 
town exceeds 328,000 pairs, The number of persons 
in the town and neighbourhood employed in the diffe- 
vent branches of this manufacture is about 1000. This 
place has been long celebrated for its extensive nurse« 
ries, carried.on by Archibald Dickson & Sons here, and 
at Hassendeanburn in the vicinity, where they were 
first begun in the year 1729. The nursery grounds in 
the occupation of these.gentlemen now extend to up- 
wards of 100 acres, cropped with all -sorts of foreign 
and native forest and fruit trees, flowering shrubs, and 
evergreens, &c. These nursery grounds are very orma- 
mental to the place, extending along the side of the 
turn ike xoad to the east and west. of the town, 
for the distance of upwards of amile and a half, In 
the cropping and cleaning,season, they-afford employ- 
ment for not fewer than 90 men, women, and children; 
but at other seasons men only are employed in:them. 
A very extensive business in the seed line is also car- 
ried on by A. Dickson & Sons, The position of Ha- 
wick, as estimated from Captain Colby’s observations on 
Wisphill, is North Lat. 55° 26’, and West Long. 2° 47’. 
662) 
HAW 
HAWK. See Hawkine and Ornitnosocy. 
HAWKES’ Temperaments ofthe musical scale. In : 
the years 1798, and 1805, Mr William Hawkes pub- 
lished two phlets for recommending the adoption 
of an irre; douzeaye scale, wherein 9 of the Vth 
viz. upon C,G, D, A, E, B, KF; and upon F and pB 
should each be flattened ¢th of a major comma, or be 
of the value 355.7984272 © 4+. 7f+ 31m; two of the 
Vths, viz. on XC and pE perfect, or each =358247f 
+31m; and consequently, the resulting or wolf Vth, 
on KG, =365.8141552 4-7 f 430m. py | aie Oy 
lars concerning the notes and temperaments of which 
system, may be seen in the Philosophical Magazine, vol. 
xXxvi. p. 173 ; xxviii, p. 304; xxx. p. 5; xxxvi. p. 47; 
and vol. xxxvii, p. 129, in which last page the beats of 
each of its 68 tempered concords are calculated, by Mr 
John Barraud, brother to the rage maker, 
In 1807, Mr Hawkes contrived, in 1808 took 
out.a patent for his methods of extending the scale of 
organs and piano-fortes to 17 notes in the octave, (see 
the Phil. Mag. vol. xxxyii. p. 325); and in 1810, he 
published a third musical pam let, in which his ob- 
ject (as afterwards explained by letter to Mr Farey, see 
Phil. Mag. vol, xxxvii. p. 321.) was to recommend for 
the tuning of this his patent instrument, a regular dix. 
septave system, in which 16 of the fifths, viz. on C, G, 
D, A, E, B; KF, XC, KG, and XD ; and on F, pB, bE, 
bA, pD, and pG, should be.each flattened the 1-318th 
part.of the octave, for 4th of Mercator’s comma), or — 
each of the value 356.068514E-+.7f431m, and the re- 
sulting or wolffifth KA to F, is of course =367.246346 
54 7f4 30m. The beats of each of the 102 concords 
in this system, have been calculated by the Rev. C. J. 
Smyth of Norwich, and published in the Phil. Mag. vol. 
XXXVil. p. 823, to which table we shall refer instead of 
copying it ; because from Mr Liston’s Essay on Perfect 
Intonation, p. 23. and 142. it appears, that My Hawkes 
has since (by letter to Mr Liston we have informs 
ed) pei his former opinion, and now recommends 
the Vths for his patent instruments, to be flattened + 
of a major comma, in which terms Mr Listen has gi- 
ven its temperaments in p. 22. It may be proper, 
however, to add, that, in this new system, each of the 
16 fifths above mentioned, will be =356.1653565 4 7£ 
+3lm, and the wolf fifth on KA =366.1810845 4 
7f£+4- 30m. 
r Hawkes’ patent piano-fortes are furnished with 
24 strings in each octave, although 17 only are of dif. 
ferent sounds, that is, all the long keys have two uni« 
son strings, from one to the other of which the ham- 
mers shift, at the same time that they do so from the 5 
short-key notes tuned flats, to the five others tuned 
sharps, or vice versa; it seems, however to us, that 7 
of these strings might probably be dispensed with, by 
allowing rather more s on each side the long-key 
strings A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, and making their 
hammers rather wider, so that after the shifting sides 
wise of the key-board necessary to cause the short« 
key hammers to move from YA, XC, XD, XF, and 
%G, to pB, pD, bE, pG, and pA respectively, or vice 
versa, the hammers of the long-keys may still conti- 
nue to strike the same strings. 
The objections which were so forcibly urged in Dr 
Kemp’s Musical Magazine against the defect of these 
instruments, in not being able to give flat and nop 
notes at the same time, or quickly succeeding 
other, as composers not unfrequently direct, seem to 
operate fatally against their introduction to general 
use. We have lately heard, that the organ which Mr 
Hawkes caused to be put up,.a few years ago, in Christ 
