HED 
Monarqui 2 t. i. p. 738. De Brosse’s Naviga- 
tions aux terres nustrales, t.i. p. 306, t. ii. p. 243, 348, 
Bougainville Koyoge, p. 242. Dittrymple’s Historical 
ah ’s Second Voyage. Forster's Voyage, 
vol. ii. (c 
- HECLA. See Icexanp. 
HEDGE. See Acnicutune, vol. i. chap. xii. sect. i. 
HEDJAS. See Ananra, vol. ii. p. 275. et seq. 
| HEDWIG, Jon, a celebrated botanist, was at 
Cronstadt in Transylvania, on the 8th of October 1730, 
and was the son of one of the istrates of that town. 
His love of botanical its shewed itself at an earl 
's garden. 
lic school of Cronstadt, he was enabled, notwithstand- 
> Bese loss of his father in 1747, to go to the university 
resburg to continue his studies. He remained here 
two years following his medical pursuits, and then went 
to Zittau to attend the lectures of Gerlach. In 1752, 
he entered himself as a student at the university of 
Leipsic, and attended the lectures on medicine, philo- 
sophy, and mathematics. Here he gained the particu- 
lar friendship of the celebrated Ludwig ; and such was 
the opinion entertained of him by Bose, the professor 
of botany, that, in 1756, he took him into his own 
house, gave him the charge of his , and allowed 
bin, during three years, to attend for him at the hospi- 
rally anxious to settle as a physician in his native place ; 
but upon applying for license to the magistrates, he was 
mortified to find that no physicians could practice 
in Transylvania, who had not been members of the 
university of Vienna. His friend Bose, however, ha- 
ving advised him to commence practice in some small 
ba Saxony, he presented his dissertation sur 'em- 
i des emeti dans les fievres aigues, and was ad- 
ed doctor of medicine. Paving « friend resident 
at Chemnitz, he fixed upon that town, where he settled, 
after marrying Miss Sophia Teller, a lady from Leip- 
sic. Hedwig now devoted his mornings to the collec- 
tion of plants, and his evenings to their examination, 
while the rest of the day was employed in his profession= 
al pursuits. The ic particularly at. 
tracted his attention ; and having had occasion to write 
ee celebrated Schieber, who was then publishing 
Flora of Leipsic, for the explanation of some diffi- 
culties, a dence immediately commenced be- 
tween them, and Hedwig received from his friend se- 
veral books, a single microscope, and afterwards a com- 
pound one made by Rienthaler the optician. ,By 
means of this instrument, on which he made some im- 
vements, he was enabled to determine the male and 
female flowers of the mosses. See our article Borany, 
vol. iv. p. 30, and Muscr. 
His wife, who had brought him nine children, died 
in 1776; and though he was oppressed with grief at 
such a loss, yet as he was unable to continue his pur- 
suits, and attend to the education of his six tae 
of Leipsic. In 1779, 
iodical work, 
his great «© Observations 
on the true parts of generation in Mosses, and on the 
multiplication of Mosses by seed.’”? At the urgent de- 
sire of his wife, who considered his talents as lost at 
Chemnitz, he removed to Leipsic in 1781, and, in the 
following year, he published his work entitled Funda- 
695 
mentum Historia naturalis Muscorum JSrondosorum, ile Hedwig 
—— 
Upon the completion of his studies, he was natu- - 
HED 
lustrated with 20 coloured plates. 
The Petersburg academy haying offered a prize of 
100 gold ducats, for a determination of the of 
fructification of the cryptogamic plants, Hedwig sent 
a large treatise on the subject, which gained the prize, 
and which was published at St Petersburg, in 1784, 
under the title of Theoria generationis et  fruclificatio~ 
nis plantarum Cryplogamicarum Linnwi. “A new and 
enlarged edition of this work afterwards appeared in 
1798. 
Hitherto Hedwig had lived in a state of obscure 
verty ; but his talents were now about to receive their 
proper reward. In 1784, he was madei of the 
aaa hospital at Leipsic, and in 1786 he was a 
pointed professor extraordinary to the faculty of meds 
cine. In 1789, Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony, 
nominated him professor of botany, and superintendant 
ofthe public garden, and at the same time gave him 
apartments at the borane & 
Having been occupied more than 35 years in the 
study of nature, Hedwig published the results of his 
observations in the following treatises, 
1. A Treatise on the origin of the parts of fructifi- 
cation, in which he shews that the stamens and _pistils 
are not produced hy the pith, as Linnzus believed, 
but by the same vessels as the other parts of the plant. 
2. A Memoir on the Cotyledons. 
3. A Dissertation on Bulbiferous Plants. 
4. A Memoir on the Organs of Transpiration in 
Plants. 
5. An Examination of the distinctive Characters of 
Plants and Animals. 
6. An Answer to certain Questions proposed by Dr 
Arthur Young, on the Irrigation of Meadows with 
spring-water. 
7. A Dissertation on the Origin of the Vegetable 
Fibre. 
8. Observations on the use of the Leaves in Plants, 
9. A Memoir, in which, after having described the 
sexual organs of several Cucurbitacea at the time of fe- 
cundation, he considers the manner in which the 
len impregnates the ovaries, and the changes which 
this phenomenon produces in plants. 
10. Notes on the Aphorisms of Humboldt, in which 
he lays down several principles of vegetable physio- 
1 
il. Lastly, Considerations on the present and future 
state of the Science of Botany, and on the best means to 
be pursued in the study of it. 
i peek 
ween the years 1787 and 1797, Hed 
ed his great work, entitled Descriptio et 
Microscopica analytica Muscorum frondosorum, necnon 
aliorum Vegetantium, classe Cryptogamica Linnwi novo- 
rum dubiisque nexatorum, in 4 vols. folio, the first of 
which appeared in 1787, and the last in 1797. This 
work contains an analytical description of 148 species 
of mosses, and 50 other togamic plants, all of which 
were examined with the microscope, and figured with 
great elegance and truth. Each volume is illustrated 
with 40 excellent coloured plates. He likewise pre- 
a general History of the Mosses ; but this work, 
which he did not live to finish, was arranged and pub- 
lished by Frederick Schwegricher, one of his pupils, 
It contains notices of 360 species, of which 157 are 
red. Out of six children by his second wife, five 
died at an early age, and one of his hters, whose 
education he had superintended, was carried off by the 
small-pox in Decenbee 1797. This severe blow affect~ 
