in 
_ free entrance into the courts of all princes and 
HERALD. 
to be entirely uncertain, and it is difficult to 
which of the sixteen theories mentioned by Edmon- 
e is the most ridiculous. The date of their insti- 
n_ in the form of a college, in most of the Euro- 
ingdoms, is equally obscure. The first king of 
hom mention is made in the French chroni- 
Robert Dauphin, who was alive A.D. 1031. 
jecture seems by no means unlikely, that 
French borrowed the idea of a regular body of men 
with the care of armories, processions, and 
ceremonies, from the veterani of the empire. See Bert- 
vand Caprioli. under the word Minitia, as cited by 
Upton De Mili ari io, lib. i. cap. 8. In England 
it does not appear that any such officer as the herald 
was ever employed on missions by William the Con- 
, or either of his sons. Yet there can be no 
bt that the office was familiar to Robert Curthose 
' and Richard Ceeur de Lion, both of which princes 
- were.so renowned in the wars of the cross, and had so 
many opportunities of mingling with foreign kings, in 
whose countries the heralds were already openly pro- 
tected by the law. Very shortly, at all events, after 
this period, we find the heralds in full possession of 
all the privileges to which they ever attained, either 
in this island, or on the continent. They were allowed 
gg 
2 
FPR 
ieee 
i 
lords ; they had power to reprove the faults of nobles, 
knights, and esquires ; and if these did not amend, to 
exclude them from all tournaments and martial exer- 
-  cises. It belonged to the heralds to atlvertise knights 
- and military commanders of the day of battle, to at- 
tend their sovereign’s great standard in their best orna- 
ments. They were, during the battle, to retire to an 
eminence, to witness what was done on either side, and 
a to the king or general those who behaved most 
iantly, and commit the same to writing. When 
the battle was over, it was their province to number 
the dead, to ransom the prisoners, to. summon cities, 
and, in case of composition, to march before the captain 
or governor, for security of his ae At justs and 
tournaments, it was the office of the heralds to carry. 
all challenges, to lay out the lists, and assign place to 
the combatants. Such*as. wrogged them, and refused 
to give full satisfaction, were declared guilty.of high- 
treason, and punished. accordingly. An instance of 
which occurred in Scotland, A. D, 1515, when the Lord 
Drummond was solemnly forfeited in parliament, Eo 
quod Leonem armorum regem pugno violasset cum.eum 
711 
de ineptiis suis admonet ; and it was upon that lord’s 
humble submission, and at the earnest intreaty of the “vy 
Lyon himself, that he was restored. 
The society of heralds in England, consists of four 
kings of arms, who are called Garter King at arms, 
Clarencieux, Norroy, and Bath, whereof the first and 
last derive their names from the two orders of knight. 
hood, to which owe their establishment ; and the 
other two are provincial kings of arms, Clarencieux hay« 
ing power over all the east, west, and south provinces, 
as far as the viver Trent ; and Norroy in like manner, 
over all parts of England north of the Trent; six he- 
ralds, viz. Somerset, Chester, Windsor, Richmond, Lan 
easter, and York ; four pursaivants, who may be con- 
sidered as the ee of heraldry, viz. Ron 
gon, Portcullis, Blue-mantle, Rouge-croix. All these 
ns, (kings, heralds, and pursuivants) are by the 
ing himself, or Earl Marshall, “ crowned with crowns, 
graced with colours, attired with coats, named by names 
of addition, and with other ceremonies created. 
In Scotland there is one king at arms, who derives 
his name of Lyon from the bearing of our kin Un- 
der him are six heralds distinguished by names, 
viz. Suawdon, Albany, Rosse, Rothesay, Marcimont, and 
Ilay ; and five pursuivants, viz. Unicorn, Carrick, Kin- 
tyre, Ormond, and Bute. Besides these, the t no- 
bility in England and Scotland had formerly heralds 
and pursuivants attached to their own service: as 
Blanche Lion, the herald to the Duke of Norfolk; Lion 
dor to the Dudleys ; Perey herald to the Earls of Nor 
thumberland, &c. Le Laboureur is of opinion, that 
counts and high barons, who are not princes, may have 
heralds and pursuivants ; and that knights bannerets. 
may have pursuivants only, unless they be invested 
with some Bi h dignity. as marshall or general of the 
army: (See Origine des Armotries, p. 121.) The king 
of arms in France, was always known by the name of 
Mont-joye St Denis. His heralds to a considerable 
number, derived their names from the different provin- 
ces of France ; and his pursuivants:were called. Plain. 
chemin, Voir disant, Haut-le-pied, La-verdure, Gaillard-~ 
bois, &e. 
See AEneas Sylvius De Officio Heraldorum. De 
l-Office des Rois d’ Armes, &c. par Mare de Vulson de 
la Colombiere, Paris, 1645 ; and particularly the Trai- 
tédu Roi René, which is there printed; Le Theatre. 
d’ Honneur, par André Favin ; and Edmonstone’s. Her« 
aldry, vol. is. 
HERALDRY. | 
1. Tue art of the herald, known also by the names of 
«the art of blazon,” “ the art armorial,” and “ the art 
noble,” consists, strictly speaking, in the knowledge of 
armories, and their due application, as: ensigns of ho- 
nour, and tokens of descent. The meaning of the term, 
however, is ofien extended, so as to include the know- 
of the ceremonial to be observed in all public as- 
semblies of those who bear arms; such as cavaleades, 
processions, and the like. - 
On the Origin of Armories. 
2. No subject has given rise to greater diversity of opi- 
nion a, antiquarians, than the origin of armorial 
ensigns. The writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, 
5 ‘ 
who still continue to be the chief authorities om this peratdry. 
subject, seem in general to have been infected with the —\— 
desire of adding new consideration to their favourite 
pursuit, by. maintaining that the art of blazon, so far 
from being the production of the middle ages, had been 
framed by the first masters of science among mankind, 
and practised in a manner little different from that of 
their own times, by the most polished nations of anti- 
uity. The disquisitions of several great French and 
Linglish heralds indeed, and particularly those of Father 
Menestrier, had gradually brought into contempt the 
dreams of their more enthusiastic ecessors ; and it 
appeared, that such fanciful opinions were wholly ex- 
ploded among men of sound understanding, till of late 
years some of the most ridiculous of them have been re+ 
