HERALDRY. | - 
between every two points a strawberry leaf lower down. . 
See Fig. 5. ‘ 5, aie 
A ether has pearls to the number of twelve or six- 
teen, placed on the edge of the rim. See Fig. 6. 
A baron has only six pearls, 
734 
Heraldry. \ 
ae Of Crowns and Diadems, 
43. Crowns or coronets may be used in armorial 
bearings in four different ways. 
Various 
uses of 
crowns in 
Fig. 5. 
blazons, 
British co- 
ronets. 
PLATE 
CCXCIV. 
Fig. 1. 
Fig. 2. 
ist; As essential or internal parts of arms, that is, 
when they are the chief figures of the escutch¢on, as 
the three crowns in the shield of Sweden. Many fa- 
milies throughout all the European kingdoms bear 
similar arms ; and crowns so worn are no marks of sove- 
reignty or dignity of whatever form they may be. 
Qdly, When they are used as additional charges, or 
ornaments within the shield, they are in like manner 
no marks of sovereignty or dignity. 
3dly, When crowns are placed upon helmets, which 
timbre coats of arms, they are then marks of dignity, 
being commonly so poe by sovereign princes, Yet 
many gentlemen who have no pretensions to such 
rank bear crowns on this way in their helmets; a cus- 
tom which, according to Menestrier, is derived from 
the tournaments, “ especially those solemnized in Ger- 
many, where knights were allowed to adorn their hel- 
mets in that manner, in memory of their having been 
exercised in such disports.”. And though indeed there 
are many helmets placed over the German coats, ac- 
cording to the number of feus, whereby the bearers 
voted in the circles of the empire; yet we see but few 
of them adorned with crowns, which, according to our 
author, can only be explained by supposing that some 
of these feus are not privileged to. carry a crown, the 
ancient possessors of them not having been present at 
the tournaments. : 
4thly, Crowns placed immediately above the top of 
the escutcheon, are ensigns of sovereignty or nobility, 
~whereof the degrees are set forth by their shapes. The 
arched crowns topped with monds were first introduced 
by the Emperors, and from that circumstance are 
-called imperial crowns, although now worn by all the 
kings in Europe, since Charles the Eighth of France 
assumed an imperial crown, in token probably of his 
pretensions to the empire of the East. 
“ The imperial crown of England is composed of 
four crosses pattee, and as many fleur-de-lys of gold 
placed on arim or circlet of gold, embellished with 
precious stones. From these crosses arise four circular 
bars, ribs, or arches, which meet at the top in form of 
a cross; at the point of intersection whereof is a pe- 
destal, whereon is a mound. ‘On the top of the mound 
is a cross of gold, all embellished likewise with precious 
stones, and three very large oval pearls; one of them 
being fixed in the top, and two pendent at the-trans- 
verse beams of the cross.. The cap within this crown 
is of purple velvet, lined with white taffeta, turned up 
with ermine. See Plate CCXCIV. Fig. 1. 
The crown or coronet of the Prince of Wales resem- 
bles the king’s crown, save only that it hath not four 
arches, but two only. See Fig. 2. : 
The younger sons of the king bear coronets, com- 
posed of crosses pattee and fleur-de-lys. 
A duke ie of the blood-royal) has a circle of gold, 
with eight leaves of equal height above the rim, com- 
monly called strawberry leaves, the whole richly 
chased ; a crimson velvet cap, turned up with ermine 
of one row, and topped with a golden tassel. See Fig. 3. 
A marquis has a circle of gold, with four leaves 
“epi between four pearls, raised on points of equal 
eight with the leaves. See Fig. 4. 
An earl has eight pearls raised on as many points, 
placed on the rim of his jag. & 
golden circle, See Fig. 7. 
Of the Cap of State. 
on the helmet itself, or 
timbering the whole steve Mr Sandford, in 
his. Genealogical History of the ings 
his successors, as 
this cap-of state. For on one side is always to be seen 
the figure of the monarch on horseback and in armour, 
with this. cap of state on his head, and the crest of 
England set thereon,” - 
The cap was originally therefore granted to certain 
nobles, on account of pre-eminent dignity or merit, as 
we find in the case of Henry II, Duke of Lancaster in 
England, and Archibald» Earl of Douglas, Duke of ' 
Tourraine, and Great Constable of France, whose F 
affixed to several charters still extant in Scotland, al- 
ways represents the helmet.as adorned with this, cap. 
But now the cape of state hath lost all its former emi- 
nent dignity by the evil usage of certain. heralds, and 
is now borne not only by all degrees of nobility, but 
by many of the inferior got: and indeed by some ef 
the lowest extraction. See Fig. 8. 
Of Ensigns belonging to Ecclesiastical Dignities. 
45. The Pope carries his arms in an oval shield, or Church, 
cartouche, which form has become common in Italy, in signs. 
consequence of other ecclesiastics imitating their chief. 
This shield is adorned externally with the ensigns of 
his dignity, which are, 1st, Zhe Tiara. This is an 
high cap, or mitre, of silk, .epvironed with three 
crowns of gold, and topped with a mound and cross 
like the imperial crown. This triple crown (or as it is 
called by the Italians the regno).is the sign of his 
supremacy, and placed over cartou See 
Fig..9. 
Qdly, The keys, one of and one of silver, (sym- 
bols of the Pope's power ipo and shutting the 
gates of Paradise) are placed in saltire behind the car- 
touche, 
3dly, The staves, The two angels which support 
the proper arms are placed in a sitting pi , one on 
each side of the cartouche; each with one hand up- 
holding the regno, and with the other grasping a long 
staff, having three traverses near the top; which trae 
verses end in trefoils, and are of the same metal with 
the keys. : . “2.4 ied, 
The cardinal’s external armorial mark. of dignity is 
the red hat, with which they timbre their shields, hay- 
ing red strappings, with fifteen tassels down 
at each side of the shield. Innocent III. ged. the 
cardinals to discontinue all symbols of secular dignities ; 
but this was never complied with except by the Ita- 
lians. 
Archbishops of the Roman church, primates, and le- 
gates, place a cross staff a7 two traverses in pale be- 
Fig. 7. 
Fig. 8. 
