Hercula- 
neum. 
— Vaal 
Kitchen 
utensils, 
Atticles of 
dress and 
ornament, 
Surgeons 
instru- 
ments. 
Carpenters 
and masons 
tools, 
Weights 
and mea- 
sures, 
742 
tion, as more of the poisonous metals are expelled 
from the latter. These have not been nig otek td ver- 
digrease, whence the ancients perhaps understood some 
branches of metallurgy as well asthe moderns. Here 
is a large brass cauldron, three feet in diameter, and 
fourteen inches deep, an urn or boiler for hot ‘water 
similar to those on our tables, and also having a’cylin2 
der in the centre for a heater. There are pestles and 
mortars, and all kinds of implements for cutting out and 
figuring pastry’; and, in short, a complete culinary ap- 
aratus. Utensils of finer quality were likewise collected 
which had been employed at tables, as silver goblets, and 
vases, silver spoons, and the remnants of knives. But 
from the absence of forks, both among the ‘other re- 
mains and in pictures, it is doubtful how far they were 
known to the ‘ancients. It is probable, indeed, that 
their invention and common use are 'to be dated several 
centuries Tater. 
Several articles belonging to personal ornament and 
decoration occurred : We shall not'speak of the colours 
still in a condition fit for painting, because it is qtes- 
tioned whether they were such as it is known the 
ladies of that generation were accustomed to use for 
more ordinary purposes. Besides, they are'red, blue, and 
yellow. Those with which females heightened their 
complexion were prepared both from minerals and ve- 
getables, the latter being chiefly marine plants. ‘Two 
silver bodkins, with which they pinned up their hair, 
eight inches in length, are preserved; the end of one 
appropriately sculptured with a Venus adjusting ‘her 
tresses before a looking-glass held by Cupid. Gold 
armlets, bracelets, necklaces with pieces of plate gold 
suspended to them ‘as ‘a locket, are preserved.’ Small 
nets also_with fine meshes, which, some have supposed, 
the ladies employed to tie up their hair; and others 
of coarser texture, which must have been used for 
other purposes. Pieces ‘of cloth, coloured red on one 
side, and black on the other; were found on the breast 
of a skeleton ; the texture’ of which,’ whether’ silk, 
woollen, linen, or cotton, antiquaries ‘have not ‘been 
able to decide. Very few jewels are discovered, which 
favours the idea of the inhabitants having had ‘time 
to escape. There was a wooden comb, with ‘teeth 
on both sides, closer on one of them than’ on the'ops 
posite ; and ‘portions of gold ‘lace fabricated from ‘the 
pure metal. Sandals of laced ‘cords are seen; though 
it is more commonly ‘believed that ‘leather was in’ ge: 
neral use among: the Italians; and ‘a folding ‘parasol, 
absolutely similar to what we ‘esteern a’moderii inven+ 
tion, was likewise <liscovered. : 
There is kept in the museum a case of surgeon’s ins 
struments, complete, with pincers, spatule, and probes; 
also a bex supposed to have ‘contained’ unguents’y ‘and 
pieces’ of marble, employed in braying pharmaceutical 
substanees. A variety of carpenters ‘raasons tools, 
as chissels, compasses, ‘and’ trowels, were found, re- 
sembling our own ; and bolts and nails all of bronze: ” 
The er and measures of the ancients ‘have ex- 
cited considerable discussion, which those preserved ‘in 
Herculaneum may elucidate: Different balances ap- 
pear, of which the most common ‘is analogous to the 
Roman steelyard : but those’ with flatsfor scales, though 
wanting ‘the needle, are likewise seen!” The weights 
are either of marble or metal, of all gradations up to 
thirty pounds ; and from the marks exhibited by a sét, 
well made of black marble, in’ 2 spherical’ shape, ‘it is 
supposed the pound’ was divided into eight parts. A 
weight is inscribed eme on one side, and habebis on the 
\HERCULANEUM. 
other. There’ are ‘pocket’ long measures; folding up Hercules 
like our common foot rule;“which may throw some light eum 
on the length of the Roman foot. Neat" vases “ 
are supposed to have been measures for grain ;' the’ ca» 
pacity of one is 191 cubic inches.) girh es 
The various implements for writing repeatedly oc. 
curred ; ‘and among the picturés is a’ female apparently 
listening to ‘dictation. t the ancients were 
acquainted with the art of making glass ‘is ‘proved 
the varieties discovered in these exfodiations. “Consi- Articles of : 
derable numbers of phials and bottles, ‘chiefly’ of an glass, fa 
elongated shape, are preserved ; they ‘are’ of unequal 
thickness, much heavier than glass of ‘ordinary-manus 
facture, and of a 1 colour. | Vessels’ of: cut’ white 
glass have been found, and also ‘white ‘plate glass, 
which antiquaries suppose was used’in lining chambers 
called camere vitree. Coloured glass, or artificial gems, Attificial 
engraved, frequently occur : the paintings exhibit 8°™* 
crystal vessels. We may remark in this place, that 
any md a studies the antiquities enc es 
will find his researches greatly facilitated by frequent 
reference to the epigrams of Martial, hn nothing ‘ 
used in ordinary life seems 'to have ‘escaped. a 
The beauty and variety of the vases have attracted Vases. 
particular notice, and they serve as excellent models for 
the moderns; for all the skill of the ancient’ artists 
seems to have been exhausted in their execution. There 
is one d four feet in diameter of fine white 
marble ; others are of earthen-ware or silver, and the 
majority of bronze or copper. Some are low, wide, and 
flat; others tall and narrow, plain, fluted, or sculptured. 
Sacrificial vases were su on tripods, whose con- 
struction seems to have attended with equal care, 
Some of the latter are richly seulptured with real and. 
imaginary figures of men and animals: One*is- ornas 
mented with three lions heads, and is supported by as 
many paws: another rests on three Priapeian satyrs 
of el rte oe pi ig rf nee aaa 
of the seems to have beer tr wi 
Stee na Herculaneans. He ‘ap ji with 
all his attributes, of every possible variety, , and 
dimensions, in tripods, lamps, and household utensils. 
The articles on this subject are so common as to con« 
stitute a large branch of curious antiques, concerning 
the emblematic’ ann Wyre we cat only entertain 
‘conjectures. ‘Sever are very ingeni cons Ty; 
avieed) so that the feet may be closed or: a 
double sets of hinges, Endless diversity and infinite ele- 
gance are displayed in the lamps and candelabra, which ¢ 
are now affording models for the works of the mo- 
derns ; ‘but we do net know whether chandeliers have 
been discovered, at least they are so rare, that we may 
doubt whether the inhabitants often resorted ‘to lights 
from wax or resinous substances,’ Sometimes -a lamp Lamps: 
sper te a shell, sometimes oem tae ‘a human 
figure, or resembling a quadruped, The vases, lamps, 
and tripods were sparciedalayined ‘in sacrifices, several 
of which are represented in the pictures’; and among 
others, are ‘sacrifices ‘to the Egyptian’ deities. There Ums 
were many funereal urns and sepulchral lamps, such 
» a te 
a A hI 
i =e 
hm. 
{ 
as those r ing’ which vague ideas have been enters 
tained as formed for containing perpetual fire. ei, 
In régard'to's and pastimes, nuriterous remains Dice and 
render us familiar with those of the ancients. Here we dice-boxet — 
find dice, with the same disposal ‘of points on ‘a cube ; n 
and dice-boxes of bone or ivory, like those now used, 
besides some of a flattish shape. Several are false, being 
loaded on one side : and the manner of throwing the dice 
