HORTICULTURE. 



195 



H-: 



P. ..-:' 



the branches set out, are indispensable in orchards to 

 which cattle are frequently admitted. Apples and pears 

 are very commonly trained as full standards, and also 

 cherries and plums. 



Half ttamLmii have shorter stems, perhaps from three 

 to five feet. These are particularly well calculated for 

 standards in small garden*. 



Daarfftandardt have low stems, from one foot to two 

 feet high; they are grafted -on the most dwarfing stocks 

 of their respective kinds, (apples on paradise stocks, 

 and pears on quinces), to make them produce low heads, 

 to small compartments or borders ; they come 

 oduce large fruit, and in con- 

 while so humble is the tree, that 

 the fruit may often be reached by the hand. Apples, 

 pears, plums, cherries, and filberds, are very often train- 

 ed as dwarf standards ; and sometimes apricots, peaches, 

 and figs. The French frequently train them to a cylin- 

 drical or somewhat pyramidal shape (rn q*mo*tlU) : 

 in this way their appearance is improved, and the 

 ground is lew haded ; but in general, the giving this 

 hape must prove detrimental to the fruitful ness of the 

 tree. In this country, they are usually trained like 

 hushe* (en tuition) ; from which, it is presumed, Mr 



For dwarf naff treet, stem* five or six inches in length 

 are sufficient ; these, it will be observed, are the tree* 

 which are ultimately destined to cover the garden wall, 

 being named V*or/ only from the bumble stocks on 

 which they grow. 



Rinertmn wall trees grafted or badded on tall stocks, 

 and are generally meant for the temporary purpose of 

 filling the wall nil the dwarft get forward. The term 



rmert M of Scottish uliglll, 

 no ssnw uyi ieli name for wall 

 Mr, bat merely calling then 

 Etpmlitr tree* are intended for 



low treillages or Ut 



having 



in thu H....-I- 



treillages or latticed 



of linpli upright posts 

 ches in height, are therefore 



work or 

 stem* or 



wrnch 



tack* six or eight 



inches 'in height, are* therefore sutttbent. To those who 

 may look into French horticultural books, it may be 

 useful to observe, that en ttpnmtr is their term for what 

 we call wall training, and that our espalier training is 

 by them denonunated tn c*asy*wvn*avr. 



The HI* gin ml of thaw different kind* of tree*, 

 from the time of thaw being grafted till they be fit for 

 tr.npwntmg. belongs, equally a* the raising of stock., 



to thr -* 



Da bodchiig, however, being 9t 



Grafting. 



64. Crafting may be 

 ways. The 



hm 



in several different 

 are, to apply the in- 



ner bark of the stock and of I 



other, and to bind them that situation. M. 



Thouin of Park, in hi* laboured bat 

 in the Memoirtt mn Mn**m d' Hukurt Aa 

 made many minute distinc 

 scriDtng no fewer than lorry modes off 

 pendent altogether of several mode* of grafting by ap- 

 proBch. and of budding. We shall content ourselves, 

 however, with erpltmiag only the principal kind* 

 I by our own gmJmmm. Thaw, as well as se- 

 rf aiaftwa, art vary distinctly de- 

 lated by figures, by the late Mr' Cur- 

 tk, n hi* Lecture*," voL iii. 



1 Fruit- 

 Garden. 



65. The mode of grafting most commonly ad 

 in forming young fruit-trees is called tongue gr,:; 



Here it is desirable that the top of the stock, and the """V"" 

 extremity of the graft, should be nearly of equal dia- Tongue 

 meter. Both are cut off obliquely, at corresponding an- S ftil) K- 

 gles, a* nearly as the eye can guess ; and the tip of the 

 stock U cut off horizontally. .X slip (or very narrow 

 angular opening made by cutting out a thin piece) is 

 then made in the centre of the stock downward*, and a 

 similar slip in the graft upwards. (Plate CCC'fX. 

 Fig. 1.) A very .-harp and narrow bladed knife is ne- 

 cessary. The thin point of the upper half of the slo- 

 ping end of the graft is then inserted into the slip in 

 the stock ; this is sometimes called lipping. The barks 

 of stock and graft are brought clo-ely to unite, at least 

 on the right hand side, so as not to be displaced in t \ ing, 

 which is always done from left to right, or in the coin 

 of the sun. Strands of fresh bass-matting, steeped for 

 a little time in water to render them more pliant, and 

 to prevent the knot from slipping, are generally used for 

 ties. A quantity of clay is worked line, and mixed with 

 some hay chopped small, or horse droppings, and some- 

 times with a little salt. It is found better to have 

 it prepared a day or two beforehand, and to beat it 

 up with a little water as needed. The tying is then 

 covered with this clay, in the form of a collar, or ball 

 tapering at both ends, the upper end being applied 

 closely to the, graft, and the under to the stock. 1 hese 

 ball* are not removed till after midsumuier. A neat 

 substitute for clay is mentioned by Abcrcrorubic : a 

 composition of turpentine, bees wax, and rozin, at first 

 melted together, and afterwards heated as wanted ; care 

 being taken not to apply it too hot. A coating, laid on 

 with a brush, to the depth of a quarter of an inch, is 

 said to be lew liable to crack than clay ; and, it is add- 

 ed, that when the full heat of summer arrives, the com- 

 position melts away of its own accord. 1 1 may be re- 

 marked, that the ivAip grafting mentioned in ol'd hoili- 

 cultural books, is merely the kind now described, 

 wanting the important improvement of the tongu 



66. When the stocks to be grafted upon are strong, c| rft gnflr 

 or perhaps branches of large trees, clejl grafting i- oi- 



ten resorted to. The head of the stock or branch, 

 (which we may suppose to be two or three inch. - m 

 diameter,) is first cut off obliquely, and then the slopi d 

 part is cut over horizontally near the middle of the 

 slope ; a cleft, nearly two indies long, is made witli a 

 stout knife or thin chisel in the crown downwards, at 

 right angle* to the sloped part, taking car* mil to di- 

 vide the pith. This cleft is kept open with the knife. 

 (Plat. Fig. . a \ The graft ha* its extremi- 



ty for about an inch ana a half cut into the form of a 

 wedge, (Fig. 2. o.) ; it is left about the eighth of an 

 inch thick on the outer or bark side, and i- brought to 

 a fine edge on the inside. It is then inserted into the 

 opening prepared for it; and the knife In-ing with- 

 drawn, the stock closes firmly upon it. A cirenl.ir in. 

 cision is now made in the bark of the stock at the base 

 of the wedge, to the extent of three parts of the 

 iwilfailiii i of the stock ; by this means * shoulder can, 

 be formed on each side of the cleft. 



67. Old stocks are sometime* grafted in another rr0wn 

 way, called grafting in Ike bark or rind, or crnu.it graft- gn 

 ing. The bead of the stock or thick branch is cut of! 

 horizontally ; a perpendicular slit is made as in bud- 

 ding, (to be presently described); a narrow ivory fol- 

 der, or a silver fruit-knife, is thrust down between the 

 wood and the bark, at the places where the grafts are 



