HORTICULTURE. 



211 



planted many nc v. trccj on this plan: lie formed a 

 -^**^_. small hillock of earth about a foot nigh, and four or five 

 *" Y ~" ' feet in circumference ; on this he placed the tree, care- 

 fully spreading the roots, and then covering these with 

 six inches of good earth, and fixing the stem to a stake 

 to prevent wind-waving. The roots of the trees so 

 planted, do not appear ever to have penetrated to the 

 bad subsoil Still, however, finding that all hi* standard 

 fruit-trees, and particularly apples, would inevitably 

 prove short-lived, Mr Macdonaid had recoune to the 

 other plan of constantly putting on new grafts. He in- 

 serts regularly from 2000 to 3000 every year, some- 

 time* plating five or six sons on one tree. The grafts 

 are of such kind* as experience has taught him to be 

 most fruitful in Dalkeilh garden. Apples are now pro- 

 duced in this garden in wonderful profusion, the young 

 wood being often bent down with heavy clusters of 

 fruit, which in many cases are to be seen resting on the 

 ground. 



Peart. 



' . HI. The Pear tree, (Purui canmunu, L.) is natu- 



ralised in some parts of England, and is figured in 

 " English Botany," t. ; can scarcely be ac- 



counted an original native. The date of the introduc- 

 tion of tne earliest cultivated varieties is not known; 

 for most of them we are indebted to France and the 

 Netherlands. Parkinson enumerates sixty-four, many 

 of which have disappear d. Knoop, in his 



Winter Pears. 



Card en> 



Chaumontel. 

 Colmart. 

 Crassane. 

 St Germain. 

 SO Echassery. 



Winter bonchretien. 

 Yirgouleusc. 

 Holland bergainot. 



describes and figures above a hun<! rvd. Miller ha* 

 lected eighty, which he describes 



the best then known in England 

 of those contnttd in this list are 

 cultivated. Pears are 



in which they are fit 



in his Dictionary, as 

 Not above one half 

 much etUeoMd or 

 according to the 



Immm, and mutter ftart. Swaner pears must be gather. 

 ed as they ripen, and eaten from the tree, none of them 

 keeping more than a few days : autumn pears do net 

 keep much more than a fortnight ; winter pears are ga- 

 thered before being fully ripe, in dry weather, and kept, 

 some for several weeks, and others for several months, 

 before being used. They are also classed, according to 

 their general qualities, as deiirrt or tUcbe* pears; and, 

 ' is firm and breaks, or k soft 



aad meita, into treat** and saetoa* pews. 



The followiag are the best kimU at present cul- 



tr.teI. 



Green chueL 

 5 Augtut 



:inir..-r 



10 



Peart. 

 Skinless. 



Pri:i.r > 



Easter bergamot. "Y"" 



35 Dry martin. 

 Louise bonne. 

 Marquise. 

 Little lard pear. 

 Ambrettf. 

 40 Poire d'Auch. 

 Swan egg. 



113. The Jargonelle (meaning the cuisse madame of Summtt 

 the French, whose jargonelle, vice versa, is our cuisse 

 madame) is a well-known fruit, the tree being univer- 

 sally cultivated either against walls, or espalier rails, or 

 as dwarf standards. The flesh is breaking, sweet, and 

 has a slightly musky flavour. It ripens in Augu.-t, and 

 does not keep ; but if two or three trees be planted on 

 an east aspect, the jargonelle season may be prolonged 

 till the end of September. 



The Cuiisc Madame (i. e. the French jargonelle) is 

 not nearly so good a fruit as the former ; but the tree 

 being a great bearer, the kind is liked for the London 

 market. 



The Red Mtucadrllt, or La bellisrime, is a large beau- 

 tiful fruit, of a yellow colour, with red stripes ; the 

 flesh melting and of a rich flavour, when not too ripe. 



The tireem Child, or Hasting pear, is of a whitish- 

 green when ripe, has a very thin skin, flesh melting 

 and sugary, but when too ripe, mealy. 



The Ai;put Muscat. Royal Muscat, Hanville, or Poire 

 d'Averat, is a roundish flat pear, shaped like a berga- 

 mot, skin smooth, of a whitish-yellow colour ; flesh 

 breaking, juice richly sugared and perfumed ; charao- 

 teriaed by Miller, as " one of the best summer pears 

 yet known." The fruit is produced in clusters, and 

 the tree is a great bearer. 



The Little Miucal is of a longish shape, of a yellow 

 colour, except next the sun where it is red. ' On a 

 south or south-east wall it is ripe early in August. 



The Hummer bonckrtlin is a Urge oblong fruit, with 

 a smooth and thin skin, of a whitish, green colour, but 

 red next the sun ; full of juice, and of a rich perfumed 

 flavour. It succeeds very well on an east or west wall, 

 but as a standard only in good situations, in the mild. 

 er counties of England. 



The Sletmlat, Early ruswlet, or Flower of Guigne, is 

 long-*haped reddish coloured fruit, with a very tliin 

 skin, the flesh niching, and full of a sugary juice. 



Prince i Peer is a small roundiili fruit, of a yellow 

 colour, but red next the sun ; flesh intermediate between 

 breaking and melting ; juice high flavoured. The tree 

 is generally a great bearer, and the fruit will keep for 

 a furtu.ghl. 



The AMSSsrr Bergamot, or Hamden's bergainot, is a 

 ', of a fine greenish-yellow colour; 



Lohgurville. 

 Green Yair. 



Amtttmn Peart. 



Brown beum. 

 Autumn 



longne. 



Gnat Mouthwatcr. 



,:, 



l orange. 

 f.rrat ru4t. 

 Red doyenne. 



the flesh melting, and the juice highly perfumed .- the 

 tree is a strong and healthy grower, answering cither 

 as an espalier or standard. 



The Mutk UmmtpiH, Little bbnqnet, or Peart pear, is 

 ef a yellow colour, full of juice and quite melting ; 

 the fruit is produced in clusters, and ripe on the wall in 

 list end of August. 



The lM*fevillt is very generally spread over the 

 northern part of Britain, where aged trees of it exist in 

 the neighbourhood of ancient monasteries : it is not, 

 however, contained in Miller's li.it; nor is it mentioned 

 by the French writers. In quality it is surpassed by 

 several of those already mentioned ; but still it may be 

 acrownted a good summer or early autnmn fruit. The 



