HORTICULTURE. 



raise a new fermentation and accompanying heat. In 

 the different pine-stoves it is found very advantageous 

 frequently to white-wash the plaster, and to repaint the 

 Pint-apple, wood work. 



223. The plants, especially if weak or not healthy, 

 are subject to the attack of a small species of coccus 

 (C. hesperidtim, Lin.) commonly called the pine-bug. 

 The insects adhere closely to the leaves, often near the 

 base, and seem almost inanimate. Mr Miller recom- 

 mends turning the plants out of the pots, and cleaning 

 the roots ; then keeping them immersed for four-and- 

 twenty hours in water in whith tobacco stalks have 

 been infused : the bugs are then to be rubbed off with 

 a sponge, and the plant?, after bc-ing washed in clean 

 water and dripped, are to be repotted. Mr Muirhead, 

 a gardener in the north of Scotland, has described a 

 similar mode, (Scottish Hort. Mem. vol. i. p. 209,) only 

 in place of tobacco juice he directs flowers of sulphur 

 to be mixed with the water. With a bit of bass-mat 

 fixed on a small stick and dipt in water, he displaces as 

 many of the insects as he can see. He then immerses 

 the plants in a tub of water, containing about 1 Ib. 

 of flowers of sulphur to each garden-pot-full. They 

 remain covered with the water for twenty-four Ixmrs, 

 as desired by Miller. They are then laid with their 

 tops downward, to dry, and are repotted in the usual 

 manner. What share of the cure, in either of these 

 ways, may be due to the sulphur or to the tobacco liquor, 

 does not clearly appear ; the rubbing off or loosening 

 the insects is evidently important ; and it is not unlike- 

 ly that immersion, in simple water, so long continued, 

 may alone be sufficient to destroy them. Indeed, the 

 experience of one of the best practical gardeners in 

 Scotland (Mr Hay) leads him to conclude, that even 

 moderate moisture is destructive to these insects. Du- 

 ring many years, he regularly watered his pine-plants 

 over head with the squirt, during the summer months : 

 this was done only in the evening; it never injured the 

 plants ; and the bug never appeared upon them. 



The Orangery. 



Orangery. 224s This is merely a green-house, and indeed is 

 generally employed in part for protecting ornamental 

 plants and shrubs. In a few places the orange trees 

 are planted in the border soil, in the manner of shrubs 

 in a conservatory. The genus citrus includes not only 

 the orange, but the shaddock, lemon, citron, and lime : 

 it belongs to the class and order Polyadelphia Polyan- 

 dria, and natural order Aurantiae of Jussieu. In warm 

 countries the trees rise to the height of perhaps fifty 

 feet ; here they seldom exceed the size of shrubs. The 

 species may readily be distinguished by the petiole or 

 leaf-stalk : in the orange and the shaddock, this is 

 winged ; in the lemon, citron and lime, which are con- 

 sidered as varieties belonging to one species, it is na- 

 ked. The orange and shaddock fruits are almost sphe- 

 rical, and of the yellowish-red colour known by the 

 name of orange ; the lime is spherical, but of a pale 

 yellow j the lemon is oblong, with a nipple-like protu- 

 berance at the end ; the citron is oblong, and distin- 

 guished by having a very thick rind. 



Orange. 225. Of the Orange (Citrus aurantium, Lin.) there 



are two principal varieties; 1. The sweet orange, inclu- 

 ding the China orange, the Portugal orange, and simi- 

 lar kinds ; and, 2. The bitter orange, including the Se- 

 ville orange, and other varieties called bigarades by the 

 French. The Seville orange-tree produces its fruit 

 more readily in this country, and has larger and more 

 beautiful leaves than the China orange: the former is 



therefore more generally cultivated, but the latter also Fruit. 

 succeeds very well in pome places. There !>rc besides, ' 

 the willow-leaved or Turkey orange, the dwarf or nut- " "V"" 

 meg orange, the double-flowering, and many other va- Orangery, 

 rieties, some with the leaves variegated yellow and 

 white. 



Sir Francis Carcw is said, by Mr Lyson, (Environs 

 of London, vol. i.) to have introduced orange trees into 

 this country, in the reign of Elizabeth ; but whether 

 he brought plants, or raised them from the seeds of 

 oranges brought home by Sir Walter Raleigh, is not 

 clear; it may be remarked, however, that it has long 

 been known from experience, that in this climate orange 

 plants raised from seed shew no inclination to produce 

 fruit ; whereas Sir Francis Carcw's yielded plenty of 

 fruit. What is further curious in the history of these 

 early orange trees, is, that they were planted in the 

 open border, and protected during winter merely by a 

 moveable shed. They grew on the south side of a 

 wall, not nailed against it, but at full liberty to spread; 

 they were 14 feet high, and extended about 12 feet 

 wide. They were finally cut off by the great frost of 

 1 74-0, after having stood a century and a half. Profes- 

 sor Martyn informs us, (Miller's Diet, in loco), that 

 they had, the year before, been inclosed in a perma- 

 nent building like a green-house; and he very just- 

 ly remarks, that the dampness of new walls, and the 

 want of the usual quantity of free light and air to which 

 they had been accustomed, might probably have killed 

 them, even had the great frost never occurred. 



226. The orangeries of this country are supplied in 

 two ways ; either by plants raised from the seed, and 

 budded, inarched, or grafted by our nurserymen and 

 gardeners; or by small budded trees imported in chests 

 from Italy. 



The best stocks are common citrons, this tree mak- 

 ing strong straight shoots, and receiving readily either 

 orange or shaddock buds ; they are procured by sow- 

 ing ripe citron seeds. Next to these, Seville orange 

 stocks are desirable ; the seeds may be taken from rot- 

 ten Seville oranges, which are generally the ripest. 

 They are sown in pots sunk in a bark hot-bed, and, 

 about two months afterwards, each plant is transferred 

 to a small flower-pot, about five inches in diameter. 

 They are gradually hardened, by admitting air, till 

 the end of September, when they are transferred to 

 the greenhouse for the winter. Next spring they are 

 forwarded, by being again plunged in a moderate hot- 

 bed ; but after midsummer they are hardened as much 

 as possible, and in August they are ready for budding. 

 The buds should be taken from trees in a bearing state, 

 and which are known generally to afford a good crop, 

 preferring buds from round shoots to those from flat 

 shoots. The plants are again preserved in the green- 

 house through the winter; and in the following spring, 

 they are once more planted in a gentle hot-bed, the 

 stocks at the same time being cut off about three inches 

 above the buds : By this means, the stem of the fu- 

 ture tree generally grows up straight in one season. 



Trees raised in the way now described, require no 

 less than fifteen or sixteen years to attain the size of 

 those imported in boxes from the Mediterranean. The 

 latter, if they be good plants, if they have not suffered 

 greatly from the voyage, and if they be properly ma- 

 naged on their arrival, will bear fruit in three or four 

 years. But it is chiefly the shaddock and citron that 

 are thus imported. Those stocks which have two buds 

 inserted in them, it is observed, make finer heads than 

 such as have one only. To recover the trees after their 

 being so long out of the earth, requires some care and 



