HUNGARY. 



are found in the Hungarian mines. Among 

 them may be mentioned, amethyttt invested by efflores- 

 cent t'tmipanesf spar, in a minute crystallization upon 

 the surface of the amethystine crystals ; rich tulphvrti* 

 called by the Germans WeifgttUen Erz, or 

 hiu- money ore," which is so malleable, that medals 

 have been struck from the unwrought ore ; nlphurctt 

 oj titter, both mateive and crystallized ; red m'.itnonial, 

 or nby tibtr crystallized ; dodecahedral and primary 

 crystallizations of quartz ; phosphates and carbonates of 

 lead crystallized ; red sulpoureU of arsenic crystallized ; 

 diaphanous crystals of the sulphuret of zi*c, and of the 

 sulphate of ba'rytet ; pearl tear in spheroidal tubercles, 

 upon si'ver ore ; native gold crystallized. 



the precious stones of Hungary, the vallies of 

 Konigsbcrg fiord emeralds and rubies, and its moun- 

 tain contains topazes, hyacinths, and chrysalitc* ; gra- 

 nates are very common, and rock crystals of various 

 forms ; small crystal*, remarkable for their brilliancy, 

 are found in the coonty of Marmarosch, and receive 

 .one of Hungarian diamond*. There are also ame- 



Ui i 



thysts of various colours, opals, jaspers, and agates. 



'The salt mines of Hungary are very productive, par- 

 ticularly those in the counties of Sdurosch anil Mar- 

 marosch. In the former county, near the village of 

 Sovar, great quantities of rock salt were extracted 

 during the 10th century ; but towards the end of the 

 ITtli century, the quarries were inundated by salt 

 spring*, which contain a remarkable quantity of mu- 

 riate of soda. Since that time other inundations have 

 taken place; but without neglecting the- extract- 

 ing of rock talt, establishments have bain fiaanad 

 car obtaining common salt. These mines produce 27 

 per cent. All the salt pit* and mine* are under the 

 direction of the crown, and produce annually about a 

 million and a half of quintals. The price U fixed by 

 the government, and cannot be augmented but by the 

 king, with the consent of the diet. A* the profits ari- 

 sing from the sale of this commodity form a part of the 

 regal duties, it is not allowed to any individual to ap- 

 propriate to his own use any saline earths or springs 

 which he may have discovered, even on his own pro- 

 perty. 



Hungary abounds in quarries of limestone, and mar- 

 ble* of various colours. Alabaster and chalk are also 



Manufacture* and the art* are still in their infancy 

 in Hungary, and do not nearly supply the consump- 

 tion of its Inhabitant*. Linen and woollen fffffht are 

 i country ; bat there is only one 

 which i* established at Sswii 

 the county of Neutra. In 1800 it employed 0,000 

 .dual* in different part* of the country, and circu- 

 lated every year nearly half a million of fonn*. There 

 was formerly another cotton factory at Luxa, which 

 consamed annually about 150 quintals of cotton, and 

 yielded a gain of 18,000 florin* ; but the proprietor se- 

 veral years ago removed h to Baad in Austria. Ac- 

 cording to M. Schwartner, this manufacture in 1796 

 kept 1,700 loom* in employment, which prodnead 

 25,000 piece* of cotton doth. Those in the northern 

 u, though still very imperfect, are the most flou- 

 rishing, and have made considerable progress within 

 the last twenty years. The other branches of indastry 

 that are deserving of notice, are the manufacture of 

 oils, paper, potaanrs, .pints, liqueur*, tobacco, woad, 

 hats, soap, leather, alum, earthen-ware, glass, copper, 

 and iron. 



The Germans were the first who introduced the arts 

 into this kingdom in the 12th century ; and from that 



time the principal artisans have been of that nation. Sutiti. 

 A true Hungarian would consider himself degraded by """""V^"" 

 being employed in any other labours than those of 

 agriculture or arms. This repugnance is very general ; 

 and though their national costume has always been a 

 hussar dress covered with lace and fringe, yet it is 

 only within these fifty years that the capital possessed 

 a single lace-maker. 



Considering the extent of this kingdom, its com- Commere*, 

 merce may be divided into two branches ; the trade car- 

 ried on between its different districts, and its trade 

 with foreign countries, or iU internal and external com- 

 merce. The inhabitants of the north, who, with their 

 utmost industry, are unable to raise sufficient corn for 

 their own consumption, exchange their iron, salt, cloths, 

 and other manufactures, for a portion of the luxuriant 

 harvests of the south ; and this traffic is greatly facilita- 

 ted by the establishment of fairs, of which there are 

 1610. The itinerant merchants, however, who fre- 

 quent these fairs, and travel through the country, 

 though they are serviceable in supplying the inhabi- 

 tants with many articles which they could not other- 

 wise easily obtain, are supposed to have done consider- 

 able injury to trade in general, and also to the revenue 

 of the '.i'i' The merchants stationary in the towns 

 presented a memorial to the diet on this subject in 

 :.ig that their itinerant brethren pos- 

 sessed -lowledge nor character proper for mer- 

 chant*; that they defrauded the revenue, by snm^^ling 

 articles of import ; tli.it they imposed upon the inhabi- 

 tant*, with damaged good* and exorbitant prices ; and 

 thus destroyed that confidence which the public ought 

 to have in the merchant. Notwithstanding this rc- 

 noaatrance, however, the fairs are still continued. 



The external commerce of Hungary waa so very incon- 

 siderable a* late a* 1779. that it yielded only 27,347 flo- 

 rins ; but by the exertions and speculations of a few spt- 



uble mean for 



rited individuals, who employed every 

 iiy foreign relations, it was b 

 of the present cetitur 



ginning of the present century. 

 Many diOicuhies, however, 



.u the be- 

 .":< riorinx. 



be overcome before 



Hungary can be formed into a commercial country. 

 Its geographical situation is \ery unfavourable to com- 

 mercial operations, being sixty -eight leagues from the 

 maritime coast* of Austria; ana consequently the 

 expence of transportation preclu<l< competing 



in foreign market* with those countries which are more 

 favourably situated. It* product ii i < of these | 



obstacle*, are carried into Austria, Italy, Switzerland, 

 Germany. Prussia, Russia, and other northern states. 

 These consist chiefly in grain, tobacco, wine, gall-nuts, 

 cattle, wool, skim, tallow, honey, was, buckthorn, an- 

 timony, and potashes. Grain is exported into the (mil- 

 tier stale* of Austria, and by the Adriatic. In 1803, 

 Vienna alone received from this country 54:1,083 I'res- 

 bourg measure* of wheat and rye, Slb.lb'.? of barley, 

 :> of oats. Hungary supplies Austria and 

 the German states with tobacco, ami exports u UK- into 

 all the northern kingdom* and states of Europe. Vienna 

 alone consume* annually from 30,000 to 35,000 eimers. 



The imports of Hungary are derived chierly from import*. 

 Austria, the government having prohibited the admis- 

 sion of good* through any other channel. Turkey, 

 however, i* excepted, a* a prohibitory system with re- 

 spect to this country could not be carried into effect 

 without great difficulty and expence. The great ma- 

 gaxine for Turkish produce, which passes into ilun. 

 gary by land, is at Schuppaiiek. A considerable quan- 

 iteti also by the Danube at Pancaova, Rubin, 

 and HomoliU. The imports from Turkey by the city 



