J A E 



601 



J AF 



CCXCIX. 



Fig- 4. 



tion to the pinion L, in the centre of the jack, which 

 is fixed on the vertical arbor m. that passes through 

 the bottom plate of the bottle, and has the fly-wheel 

 O fixed to it, with the hook P fur suspending the 

 **** >**- meat. The arm* of the sector c are sufficiently extended 

 to admit the arbor m between them. The arbor is sus- 

 tained by the fixed cock i, and is also suspended by a 

 number of small catgut strings going up through the 

 centre of the jack to the top of the neck of the bottle, 

 and attached to the cross pin r. These strings take 

 off part of the weight of the meat which is suspended 

 on the hook P, and diminish the friction on its collar. 

 Thu effect is also partly produced by a small spiral 

 wire spring t coiled round the arbor, and bearing on the 

 cock i. 



The spring jack is wound up by the key Q, when ap- 

 plied to the square part t of the main arbor ; and in the 

 act of winding, the great wheel C is not turned round 

 by the ratchet wheel i, becau.se the click fixed to the 

 great wheel slips over the sloping side of the teeth. To 

 prevent the spring from breaking, a pinion it is fixed on 

 the end of the main arbor ; beyond the plate it works 

 into the wheel o, which turns upon a pin fixed into 

 the tide plate S of the frame. When the main arbor 

 has made a sufficient number of revolutions to wind up 

 the spring, the leaves of the pinion n come in contact 

 with a part of the wheel o, which has no space in it, 

 ami thu prevents the arbor being turned any further, 

 so as to endanger the breaking of the spring. The 

 maintaining power of the spring, when wound up, 

 gives motion, by the wheel C and pinion K, to the escape 

 wheel F, the upper tooth of which met-u with the pal- 

 let a, and Carrie* it along with it, turning the vertical 

 arbor round upon its pivots. This motion is commu- 

 nicated by means of the sector C to the pinion II, and 

 its wheel I, and thence to the lector pinion L, and the 

 wheel, and consequently to the meat. 1'be use of 

 wheel- work CHI. is to make the meat turn round 

 several times before the tooth of the wheel escapes the 

 a, and then the tooth on the underside of the 

 wheel meets with the pallet b, and turns the 

 vertical arbor G, and the fly wheel back again, m 

 a contrary direction to that in which it was before 

 tamed by the pallet a, because the underside of the 

 wheel is going in a contrary direction 

 to the upper side ; when the under tooth of the wheel 

 pallet e, the pallet a comes into action 

 a continuous motion is kept up, firrt in 

 one direction for a few turns, then in the opposite di- 

 raetioB, and so on, till the maintaining power of the 

 spring becomes exhausted, when it must be wound up 

 again by the key Q. The tube resembling the neck of 

 the bottle is to give length to the catgut strings before 

 ' and which, by their twisting and untwist- 

 nearly the same office as the pendulum 

 in a watch, and make the fly wheel return back 

 The bottom V of the bottle .is screwed to a 

 or projecting rim round the bottom of the bot- 

 tle, by removing these screws, and taking out the cross 

 pin r in the top of the neck which hold the strings ; the 

 frame containing the wheel work may be withdrawn 

 from the case * z to be repaired or oiled as occasion may 

 require, (i. r.) 



JA( KM )N, I'oar. See BOTANY BAY and fife* HOL- 

 LAND. 



JAfcS is a town of Spain, and the capital of the 

 sejfpt province of the same name, which is now un- 

 der the government of Andalusia. Jaen is supposed 



VOL. II. KABT II. 



by some to be die Oningi of Pliny, the Oringi of Livy, 

 and the Menletsa of the Komans. The city, which is 

 situated at the foot of a mountain of mixed marble, is 

 surrounded by walls flanked with towers. The town 

 is of a middle size, and has some squares, one of which 

 is spacious. The water, with which the town is well 

 supplied, is distributed in the squares, streets, and 

 houses. Jaen is the see of a bishop, suffragan of 

 the archbishop of Toledo, formerly fixed at Baeza. The 

 diocese contains two cathedral chapters, one at Baeza, 

 and the other at Jaen ; two collegiate chapters, one at 

 Bueza, and the other at Ubeda ; seven archpriests, and 

 438 parish churches. The principal public buildings 

 are the cathedral and parish churches, and a great num- 

 ber of monasteries, nunneries, and two hospitals. The 

 cathedral is a noble piece of architecture. The eastern 

 front, flanked with two fine towers, is adorned with 

 eight Corintliian columns, and has three doors embel- 

 lished with bas reliefs. The chapel of the Sacrario is 

 esteemed a fine piece of architecture. The parish church 

 of St Claire contains an exquisite painting of the Virgin 

 and our Saviour. The convent church of the nuns of 

 St Claire is a handsome building, and the principal al- 

 tar is adorned with some excellent paintings by Angel 

 Nanli. Jaen was formerly a rich and commercial town, 

 but its silk manufactories failed about the end of the 

 Kith century. About the middle of the 18th century, 

 5000 tape loom*, 1200 ribbon looms, and several silk 

 ones, were set to work, but they did not succeed, and 

 few of them remain at present. The country around 

 Jaen is rich and beautiful ; the silk-worm is reared, but 

 not in great quantities. Population 30,000. See La- 

 horde's "'iVte of Spain, vol. ii. p. 117. 



JAFFA, it seaport town of Palestine, situated upon 

 the declivity of a hill on the eastern shore of the Medi- 

 terranean. It has a good wharf, but the harbour, which 

 teems to have been of considerable size formerly, M now 

 small, ami is only frequented by coasting vessels ma- 

 king the voyage to Syria. By clearing it out, it ha- 

 been conceived capable of receiving 20 vessels of 300 

 font, such as are now obliged to anchor in the roads, 

 where they are always ready to slip their cables, from 

 the frequency of sudden storms. On all the coast of 

 Syria there is scarcely a sale harbour. The declivity 

 upon which the town of Jaffa stands, is so unequal, that 

 the streets are paved in steps. The whole is surround- 

 ed by wall*, fortified with tolerable regularity, and 

 capable at defence, though commanded by a height. 

 Un the southern side, it has one large bastion, with 

 several tower* crowned with artillery, which flank 

 t!ir line of wall* : hut these are said not to be of suffi- 

 cient strength. There were recently two principal 

 gates, and a third of a smaller size ; but one ot the for- 

 mer was shut up. The nouses are neatly built of stone 

 ami being distributed on the declivity, rise above each 

 oilier like the sects of an amphitheatre, a:id there is a 

 tower or citadel on the summit. There are three sun)) 

 convents here of Christians, Greeks, and Roman Ca- 

 tholics, whose numbers are probably much smaller since 

 pilgrimages to the Holy Land have become less fre- 

 quent. In 1807, there were but four Roman Catholics 

 in their monastery, and they were all Spaniards. Only 

 a few Jews are in the town, the population consisting of* 

 a mixed race, among whom is a numerous garrison of 

 Turkish and Maugrabin soldiers ; the total amounting 

 to about 6000 or 7000. Water is scarce in Jaffa, not- 

 withstanding the vicinity of a small river : It may be 

 obtained, however, by digging for it on the coast; 

 *o 



Jada. 



