ICHTHYOLOGY. 



659 



History, former in the prime of life, before he had digested the 

 """Y"*' materials, to the acquisition of which he had devoted 

 his youth ; and they might all have been lost to the 

 world, and his name have perished with them, but for 

 the faithful friendship and truly scientific ardour of 

 Ray. So close was the intercourse between these two 

 naturalist.", that it is not easy to assign each his due 

 share of merit. Indeed Ray has been so partial to the 

 fame of his departed friend, and has cherished his me- 

 mory with such affectionate care, that we are in danger 

 of attributing too much to Mr Willoughby, and too Iit 

 tie to himself." 



The work of Willoughby, as revised by Ray, was 

 published in folio in I6b6, under the title, De Hiztoria 

 I'ucium libri quatuor,ju:.<u et stmtptibut Societatis Re- 

 ritt Londintntu cditi. This work, the production of a 

 laborious observer and faithful recorder, may be consi- 

 dered as the l>asis of subsequent discoveries in the phy- 

 siology of fishes. It is a valuable storehouse of facts, to 

 which the student of ichthyology should frequently re- 

 sort. The systematic arrangement employed in this 

 work, holds the first place among those systems, which 

 appeart-d in the end of the seventeenth or beginning of 

 the eighteenth centuries. The following synoptical 

 view of this system, will enable the reader to ascertain 

 the state of the science at the period in which he wrote. 

 The cetaceous fishes form the subject of the second 

 book, the classification of which, a* given by our au- 

 thor, we purposely omit. 



S f . 



rw 



III. Lib. De piscibus cartilagineis. Ova magna con- 

 oiphint. 



1 . Sect De cartilagineis longis. 

 8. De cartilagineis planis. 

 3. De cartilagineis ovfparis. 



IV. Lib. De piscibus oviparis, quorum plerique spinas 

 in carne habent. 



1. Sect. De planis ovip. spin, qui in latus pro- 



jecti natant. 



2. De piscibu* anguilliformibus, seu lirvi- 



bus, lubrices et plerumque oblongis. 



3. - De piscibus corpore contraction* vcl 



saltern non admodum lubrico, qui pin- 

 nis Tentralibus carent. 



4. De spinosis dictis, quibus pinnarum 



donaiium radii omncs molles et flex- 

 iles iunt. 



5. Pisces spinosi quibus pinnarum dorsali- 



um radii ah'que aculeati. 



Ray afterward* in part improved upon this system, 

 in his Synopni Mrtkodica Pitcium, which was publish- 

 ed in the year 1713. These two works are regarded 

 by naturalists in general, as having established the 

 claim* of ichthyology to rank as a science. 



SSSMC! Dale, the intelligent editor of Taylor's His. 

 lory of Harwich, has published a system of fishes in his 

 Pkarmmtviogia, which appeared u> 1739. He has the 

 merit of introducing several new characters, especially 

 the position of the centre of gravity. The following 

 synoptical view of this system may be useful. 



I. BRANTMIIS 



I. Pinnis utroque pari donatis ; i. e. branchiali et History. 

 ventralL 



1. Duabus in dorso pinnis. 



2. Unica in dorso pinna. 



B. Corpore contractiore vel saltern non admodum lu 

 brico. 



a. Pinnis non aculeatis. 



1. I'nica in dorso pinna. 



2. Duac in dorm pinnae eriguntur. 



b. Pinnis aculeatis, duabus in dorso pinnis, anteri- 



ore autem spinis radiata. 



Vivipari. 

 A. CartilagineL 

 a. Longi. 

 l>. Plan! 



II. PULMONE RESPIHANTES, CORDE DUOBtffi VENTRICV. 

 LIS PH/EDITO. 



A. Dentati. 



a. Fistulosi. 



b. Non fistulosi. 



B. Edcntuli. 



The inferior divisions, which have been omitted, de- 

 pend not only upon the position of the centre of gravi- 

 ty, but upon the serratures of the belly, the size of the 

 scales, the structure of the mouth, and the places in 

 which they reside. 



Artedi, the friend and countryman of Linnaeus, adopt- Artcdi. 

 ed the principles of classification discovered by that great 

 reformer of science, and applied them with success in the 

 arrangement of fishes. But a premature death prevent- 

 ed the completion of his plan. Linnaeus collected and 

 arranged his manuscripts, and published them in the 

 year 1738, in two volumes, under the title Bililiotheca 

 Ic/il/iyologia,mn\ Pfiiloscjihia Ichthi/ologia. Another edi- 

 tion, under the same title, made its appearance in 1788 

 and 1789, by John J. Walbaum, a physician at Lubeck. 

 This work of Artedi is evidently the production of an en- 

 lightened naturalist, a laborious student, and an accurate 

 observer. In it the genuine principles of the sciencewere 

 for the first time clearly established. He likewise as- 

 signed the true limits of generic characters, and the 

 method of separating species. The work abounds with 

 judicious observations and sound criticisms, and merits 

 an attentive perusal. The following is an outline of his . 

 system. 



PlSCES CAfDA PERPENDICULARI. 



A. Pinnarum radiis osseis. 

 a. Branchiis ossiculatis. 



1. Pinnis inermibus. Malacoplerigii. 



)l . Syngnathus. 

 2. Cobitis. 

 3. Cyprinus. 

 4. 



System of 

 Artcdi. 



I 



5. Argentina. 



CORDE vttico VENTRICULO 

 I-R I.DITO. 



(h ipari. 



A. Corpore longo et lulirim, squamis quoque carente. 

 a. Pinnis ad branvhias obtinentes, ventralibus de*. 

 tituti. 



** Pinna unica in medio fe- 

 re dorsi et unica postica 

 dorsi adiposa. 



Pinna unica in extre- 

 mo dorsi. 



* Pinna unica pluribus- 

 ve per tot um dorsum ex- 

 tensis. 



6. Exocaetus. 



7. Coregonus. 



8. Osmerus. 



9. Salmo. 



10. Esox. 



11. Echeneis. 



12. Coryphacnn. 



13. Ammodytes. 



14. I'lturonectes. 



15. Stromateus. 



16. Gad us. 

 .17. Anarhichaa. 



